Tag: M.W=100-150

Swain, Alaka published the artcileMorphophysiological alterations in transgenic rice lines expressing PPDK and ME genes from the C4 model Setaria italica, Computed Properties of 97-67-6, the main research area is Setaria transgenic plant morphophysiol alteration PPDK ME; Chlorophyll fluorescence; Electron transport rate; Malic enzyme; Nonphotochemical quenching; Photosynthetic rate; Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase; Stomatal conductance.

To evaluate the effect of C4 enzymes in rice, we developed transgenic rice lines by sep. introducing Setaria italica PPDK [SiPPDK] and S. italica ME [SiME] gene constructs under the control of the green tissue-specific maize PPDK promoter. Rice plant lines for both constructs were screened using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern hybridization, and expression anal. The results from qRT-PCR and enzyme activity anal. revealed higher expression and activity of both PPDK and NADP-ME genes compared with the nontransformed and empty-vector-transformed plants. The average photosynthetic efficiency of transgenic plant lines carrying the PPDK and NADP-ME genes increased by 18% and 12%, resp., and was pos. correlated with the increased accumulation of photosynthetic pigment. The decrease in Fv/Fm, increased electron transport rate (ETR), and increased photochem. quenching (qP) compared with nontransformed control plants suggest that transgenic rice plants transferred more absorbed light energy to photochem. reactions than wild-type plants. SiME-transgenic plants displayed reduced leaf malate content and superior performance under water deficit conditions. Interestingly, the transgenic plants showed yield enhancement by exhibiting increased plant height, panicle length, panicle weight and thousand grain weight Overall, the exogenous foxtail millet C4 gene PPDK enhanced photosynthesis and yield to a greater extent than NADP-ME.

Journal of Plant Physiology published new progress about Cell morphology. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Computed Properties of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Tiziani, Raphael published the artcilePhosphorus deficiency changes carbon isotope fractionation and triggers exudate reacquisition in tomato plants, SDS of cas: 97-67-6, the main research area is tomato plant phosphorus deficiency carbon isotope fractionation exudate reacquisition.

Plant roots are able to exude vast amounts of metabolites into the rhizosphere in response to phosphorus (P) deficiency. Causing noteworthy costs in terms of energy and carbon (C) for the plants. Therefore, it is suggested that exudates reacquisition by roots could represent an energy saving strategy of plants. This study aimed at investigating the effect of P deficiency on the ability of hydroponically grown tomato plants to re-acquire specific compounds generally present in root exudates by using 13C-labeled mols. Results showed that P deficient tomato plants were able to take up citrate (+ 37%) and malate (+ 37%), particularly when compared to controls. While glycine (+ 42%) and fructose (+ 49%) uptake was enhanced in P shortage, glucose acquisition was not affected by the nutritional status. Unexpectedly, results also showed that P deficiency leads to a 13C enrichment in both tomato roots and shoots over time (shoots-+ 2.66‰, roots-+ 2.64‰, compared to control plants), probably due to stomata closure triggered by P deficiency. These findings highlight that tomato plants are able to take up a wide range of metabolites belonging to root exudates, thus maximizing C trade off. This trait is particularly evident when plants grew in P deficiency.

Scientific Reports published new progress about Cell morphology. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, SDS of cas: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Khedri, Zohrab published the artcileKirkwood-Buff integrals and structure factor for binary mixtures of ionic liquid with 1-alkanol, Safety of n-Octanol, the main research area is alkanol Kirkwood Buff integral binary mixture ionic liquid.

In this paper, we have tried to describe the factors affecting mol. interactions and structure of binary systems including 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium Nitrate ([Hmim][NO3]) and 1-alkanol (1-hexanol, up to 1-decanol) using Kirkwood-Buff (KB) integrals and structure factor. Obtained results indicate that unlike mols. tend to form favorable interactions via forming hydrogen bonds or dipolar interactions and stay alongside, while an increase in the carbon chain of 1-alkanols reduces the strength of bonds and tendency of the unlike mols. to stay together. Moreover, the structure of mixtures was studied using the concentration-concentration structure factor, SCC(0). Results from the application of this parameter show that in all binary mixtures, heterocoordination is predominant, ordering occurs in solutions and fluctuations are less than random orientation. In addition, the chem. short-range order parameter α’, which is an important function to understand the complex formation and phase segregation in the liquid mixtures, was calculated and discussed for mentioned mixtures For current binary mixtures, exptl. data and theor. investigations are novel and reported for the first time.

Journal of Molecular Liquids published new progress about Binary mixtures. 111-87-5 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is n-Octanol, and the molecular formula is C8H18O, Safety of n-Octanol.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Wright, JaLessa N. published the artcileAcute increases in O-GlcNAc indirectly impair mitochondrial bioenergetics through dysregulation of LonP1-mediated mitochondrial protein complex turnover, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is OGlcNAc LonP dysregulation mitochondrial protein bioenergetics; LonP1; Thiamet-G; bioenergetics; mitochondria; protein -GlcNAcylation; protein turnover.

The attachment of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to the serine and threonine residues of proteins in distinct cellular compartments is increasingly recognized as an important mechanism regulating cellular function. Importantly, the O-GlcNAc modification of mitochondrial proteins has been identified as a potential mechanism to modulate metabolism under stress with both potentially beneficial and detrimental effects. This suggests that temporal and dose-dependent changes in O-GlcNAcylation may have different effects on mitochondrial function. In the current study, we found that acutely augmenting O-GlcNAc levels by inhibiting O-GlcNAcase with Thiamet-G for up to 6 h resulted in a time-dependent decrease in cellular bioenergetics and decreased mitochondrial complex I, II, and IV activities. Under these conditions, mitochondrial number was unchanged, whereas an increase in the protein levels of the subunits of several electron transport complex proteins was observed However, the observed bioenergetic changes appeared not to be due to direct increased O-GlcNAc modification of complex subunit proteins. Increases in O-GlcNAc were also associated with an accumulation of mitochondrial ubiquitinated proteins; phosphatase and tensin homolog induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and p62 protein levels were also significantly increased. Interestingly, the increase in O-GlcNAc levels was associated with a decrease in the protein levels of the mitochondrial Lon protease homolog 1 (LonP1), which is known to target complex IV subunits and PINK1, in addition to other mitochondrial proteins. These data suggest that impaired bioenergetics associated with short-term increases in O-GlcNAc levels could be due to impaired, LonP1-dependent, mitochondrial complex protein turnover.

American Journal of Physiology published new progress about Bioaccumulation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Lategahn, Jonas published the artcileInhibition of osimertinib-resistant epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR-T790M/C797S, Name: 3-(Methylthio)propan-1-ol, the main research area is nonsmall cell lung cancer osimertinib EGFR drug resistance.

Precision medicine has revolutionized the treatment of patients in EGFR driven non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Targeted drugs show high response rates in genetically defined subsets of cancer patients and markedly increase their progression-free survival as compared to conventional chemotherapy. However, recurrent acquired drug resistance limits the success of targeted drugs in long-term treatment and requires the constant development of novel efficient inhibitors of drug resistant cancer subtypes. Herein, we present covalent inhibitors of the drug resistant gatekeeper mutant EGFR-L858R/T790M based on the pyrrolopyrimidine scaffold. Biochem. and cellular characterization, as well as kinase selectivity profiling and western blot anal., substantiate our approach. Moreover, the developed compounds possess high activity against multi drug resistant EGFR-L858R/T790M/C797S in biochem. assays due to their highly reversible binding character, that was revealed by characterization of the binding kinetics. In addition, we present the first x-ray crystal structures of covalent inhibitors in complex with C797S-mutated EGFR which provide detailed insight into their binding mode.

Chemical Science published new progress about Bioavailability. 505-10-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 3-(Methylthio)propan-1-ol, and the molecular formula is C4H10OS, Name: 3-(Methylthio)propan-1-ol.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Franchin, Taisa Busaranho published the artcileAssessment of the Physicochemical Properties and Stability for Pharmacokinetic Prediction of Pyrazinoic Acid Derivatives, Recommanded Product: n-Octanol, the main research area is pharmacokinetics pyrazinoic acid stability physicochem property; Pyrazinoic acid; chemical stability; metabolism; permeability; pharmacokinetics; plasma stability.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which still has high prevalence worldwide. In addition, cases of drug resistance are frequently observed In the search for new anti-TB drugs, compounds with antimycobacterial activity have been developed, such as derivatives of pyrazinoic acid, which is the main pyrazinamide metabolite. In a previous study, the compounds were evaluated and showed moderate antimycobacterial activity and no important cytotoxic profile; however, information about their pharmacokinetic profile is lacking. Objective: The aim of this work was to perform physicochem., permeability, and metabolic properties of four pyrazinoic acid esters. Method: The compounds were analyzed for their chem. stability, n-octanol:water partition coefficient (logP) and apparent permeability (Papp) in monolayer of Caco-2 cells. The stability of the compounds in rat and human microsomes and in rat plasma was also evaluated. Results: The compounds I, II and IV were found to be hydrophilic, while compound III was the most lipophilic (logP 1.59) compound The apparent permeability measured suggests good intestinal absorption of the compounds Addnl., the compounds showed metabolic stability under action of human and rat microsomal enzymes and stability in rat plasma for at least 6 h. Conclusion: The results bring favorable perspectives for the future development of the evaluated compounds and other pyrazinoic acid derivatives

Current Drug Metabolism published new progress about Bioavailability. 111-87-5 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is n-Octanol, and the molecular formula is C8H18O, Recommanded Product: n-Octanol.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Alkhalidi, Bashar A. published the artcileClarithromycin laurate salt: physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetics after oral administration in humans, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is clarithromycin laurate salt tablet oral drug delivery pharmacokinetics; Clarithromycin laurate; bioavailability; fatty acid salt; physicochemical characterization.

To prepare and characterize the physicochem. and pharmacokinetic properties of clarithromycin laurate (CLM-L), a fatty acid salt of clarithromycin (CLM). CLM-L was prepared by a simple co-melting process. The formation of CLM-L was confirmed using FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. Solubility, intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR), and partitioning properties of CLM-L were determined and compared to those of CLM. Bioavailability of CLM from CLM-L tablets was evaluated in healthy volunteers and compared to immediate release CLM tablets. CLM-L showed lower aqueous solubility, higher partitioning coefficient, and slower dissolution rate. Tablets of CLM-L also showed a significantly slower in vitro release in comparison to CLM tablets. Cmax, Tmax and AUC0→inf of CLM-L tablets and immediate release CLM tablets did not show a significant difference. However, the AUC0→inf for the CLM-L tablets tended to be higher than that of CLM tablets at all-time points. CLM-L was successfully prepared and its formation was confirmed. CLM-L was more hydrophobic than CLM. It exhibited a slight in vivo absorption enhancement in comparison to CLM. However, its pharmacokinetic behavior was comparable to that of CLM.

Pharmaceutical Development and Technology published new progress about Bioavailability. 111-87-5 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is n-Octanol, and the molecular formula is C8H18O, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zou, Kai published the artcileAltered tricarboxylic acid cycle flux in primary myotubes from severely obese humans, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is severe obesity primary myotube tricarboxylic acid cycle flux glucose.

Background/objective: The partitioning of glucose toward glycolytic end products rather than glucose oxidation and glycogen storage is evident in skeletal muscle with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to determine the possible mechanism by which severe obesity alters insulin-mediated glucose partitioning in human skeletal muscle. Subjects/methods: Primary human skeletal muscle cells (HSkMC) were isolated from lean (BMI = 23.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2, n = 9) and severely obese (BMI = 48.8 ± 1.9 kg/m2, n = 8) female subjects. Glucose oxidation, glycogen synthesis, non-oxidized glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and targeted TCA cycle metabolomics were examined in differentiated myotubes under basal and insulin-stimulated conditions. Results: Myotubes derived from severely obese subjects exhibited attenuated response of glycogen synthesis (20.3%; 95% CI [4.7, 28.8]; P = 0.017) and glucose oxidation (5.6%; 95% CI [0.3, 8.6]; P = 0.046) with a concomitant greater increase (23.8%; 95% CI [5.7, 47.8]; P = 0.004) in non-oxidized glycolytic end products with insulin stimulation in comparison to the lean group (34.2% [24.9, 45.1]; 13.1% [8.6, 16.4], and 2.9% [-4.1, 12.2], resp.). These obesity-related alterations in glucose partitioning appeared to be linked with reduced TCA cycle flux, as 2-[14C]-pyruvate oxidation (358.4 pmol/mg protein/min [303.7, 432.9] vs. lean 439.2 pmol/mg protein/min [393.6, 463.1]; P = 0.013) along with several TCA cycle intermediates, were suppressed in the skeletal muscle of severely obese individuals. Conclusions: These data suggest that with severe obesity the partitioning of glucose toward anaerobic glycolysis in response to insulin is a resilient characteristic of human skeletal muscle. This altered glucose partitioning appeared to be due, at least in part, to a reduction in TCA cycle flux.

International Journal of Obesity published new progress about Body mass index. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Fisher, Gordon published the artcileSex and race contribute to variation in mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is skeletal muscle myofiber insulin hydrogen peroxide; insulin sensitivity; mitochondrial function; race; reactive oxygen species; sex.

Insulin sensitivity is lower in African American (AA) vs. Caucasian American (CA). We tested the hypothesis that lower insulin sensitivity in AA could be explained by mitochondrial respiratory rates, coupling efficiency, myofiber composition, or H2O2 emission. A secondary aim was to determine whether sex affected the results. AA and CA men and women, 19-45 years, BMI 17-43 kg m2, were assessed for insulin sensitivity (SIClamp) using a euglycemic clamp at 120 mU/m2/min, muscle mitochondrial function using high-resolution respirometry, H2O2 emission using amplex red, and % myofiber composition SIClamp was greater in CA (p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.01). Proportion of type I myofibers was lower in AA (p < 0.01). Mitochondrial respiratory rates, coupling efficiency, and H2O2 production did not differ with race. Mitochondrial function was pos. associated with insulin sensitivity in women but not men. Statistical adjustment for mitochondrial function, H2O2 production, or fiber composition did not eliminate the race difference in SIClamp. Neither mitochondrial respiratory rates, coupling efficiency, myofiber composition, nor mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production explained lower SIClamp in AA compared to CA. The source of lower insulin sensitivity in AA may be due to other aspects of skeletal muscle that have yet to be identified. Physiological Reports published new progress about Body mass index. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Lewis, Matthew T. published the artcileSkeletal muscle energetics are compromised only during high-intensity contractions in the Goto-Kakizaki rat model of type 2 diabetes, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is type 2 diabetes skeletal muscle energetic contraction; hyperglycemia; inactivity; insulin resistance; mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation; obesity.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) presents with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, affecting over 30 million people in the United States alone. Previous work has hypothesized that mitochondria are dysfunctional in T2D and results in both reduced ATP production and glucose disposal. However, a direct link between mitochondrial function and T2D has not been determined In the current study, the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat model of T2D was used to quantify mitochondrial function in vitro and in vivo over a broad range of contraction-induced metabolic workloads. During high-frequency sciatic nerve stimulation, hindlimb muscle contractions at 2- and 4-Hz intensities, the GK rat failed to maintain similar bioenergetic steady states to Wistar control (WC) rats measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy, despite similar force production Mitochondria isolated from muscles of GK and WC rats also showed no difference in mitochondrial ATP production capacity in vitro, measured by high-resolution respirometry. At lower intensities (0.25-1 Hz) there were no detectable differences between GK and WC rats in sustained energy balance. There were similar phosphocreatine concentrations during steady-state contraction and postcontractile recovery (τ = 72 ± 6 s GK vs. 71 ± 2 s WC). Taken together, these results suggest that deficiencies in skeletal muscle energetics seen at higher intensities are not due to mitochondrial dysfunction in the GK rat.

American Journal of Physiology published new progress about Body mass index. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts