Tag: M.W=100-150

Kamarauskaite, Justina published the artcileIncreased succinate accumulation induces ROS generation in in vivo ischemia/reperfusion-affected rat kidney mitochondria, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is rotenone renoprotectant cytochrome c kidney ischemia.

Mitochondria are recognized as main reactive oxygen species (ROS) producers, involving ROS generation by mitochondrial complexes I and III. Lately, the focus has been shifting to the ROS generation by complex II. Contribution of complex II (SDH) to ROS generation still remains debatable, espectaly in in vivo settings. Moreover, it is not completely defined at what time of ischemia the first alterations in mitochondria and the cell begin, which is espectaly important with renal arterial clamping in vivo during kidney surgery, as it predicts the postischemic kidney function. The aim of this study on an in vivo rat kidney ischemia/reperfusion model was to determine if there is a connection among (a) duration of kidney ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction and (b) succinate dehydrogenase activity, succinate accumulation, and ROS generation in mitochondria at low and satg succinate concentrations Our results point out that mitochondrial disturbances can occur even after 30 min of kidney ischemia/reperfusion in vivo and increase progressively with the prolonged time of ischemia; accumulation of succinate in cytosol after ischemia/reperfusion correlated with increased H2O2 generation mediated by complex II, which was most noticeable with physiol. succinate concentrations; and ischemia/reperfusion induced cell necrosis, indicated by the changes in LDH activity. In conclusion, our new findings on the accumulation of succinate in cytosol and changes in SDH activity during kidney ischemia/reperfusion may be important for energy production after reperfusion, when complex I activity is suppressed. On the other hand, an increased activity of succinate dehydrogenase is associated with the increased ROS generation, espectaly with physiol. succinate concentrations All these observations play an important role in understanding the mechanisms which occur in the early phase of ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo and may provide new ideas for novel therapeutic approaches or injury prevention; therefore, more detailed studies are necessary in the future.

BioMed Research International published new progress about Kidney ischemia. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Fracassetti, Daniela published the artcileProduction of melatonin and other tryptophan derivatives by Oenococcus oeni under winery and laboratory scale, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is Oenococcus red wine melatonin tryptophan food safety; Malolactic fermentation; Melatonin; Oenococcus oeni; Tryptophan ethyl ester; Wine.

Malolactic fermentation (MLF) in Valtellina Superiore DOCG red wine was monitored in 4 cellars and the final products were analyzed to determine the content of melatonin (MEL) and other tryptophan (TRP) derivatives, including tryptophan Et ester (TEE) and MEL isomers (MISs), and to isolate predominant O. oeni strains. MEL and TEE significantly increased in wines after MLF from two cellars out of four. Six strains were isolated during the MLF of red wines and under laboratory scale, in rich and synthetic wine cultural media, together with other four O. oeni strains able to trigger the MLF. Results showed that the presence of stressful growth factors, like ethanol and acid pH, has a pivotal role in triggering the release of TEE by oenococci. Indeed, all the strains became capable to produce also MEL and MISs, together with TEE. under harsh growth conditions, as in a synthetic wine medium. The production of these compounds was strain-dependent and a maximum amount of 0.0078 ± 0.0023 ngT/mL (UMB472) and 619.85 ± 196.16 ngT/mL (UMB436) of MEL and TEE was obtained, resp. In particular, different MISs were detected under oenol. and laboratory scale suggesting that other factors (i.e. technol. and/or physico-chem.) could affect the synthesis of TRP derivatives

Food Microbiology published new progress about Oenococcus oeni. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Lee, Wen-Chien published the artcilePolarity-Dependent Chemical Characteristics of Water-Soluble Organic Matter from Laboratory-Generated Biomass-Burning Revealed by 1-Octanol-Water Partitioning, Synthetic Route of 111-87-5, the main research area is biomass burning WSOM chem characteristic polarity octanol water partition.

Polarity distribution of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) is an important factor in determining the hygroscopic and cloud nucleation abilities of organic aerosol particles. The authors applied a novel framework to quant. classify WSOM based on the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW), which often serves as a proxy of polarity. In this study, WSOM was generated in a laboratory biomass-burning experiment by smoldering of Indonesian peat and vegetation samples. The fractionated WSOM was analyzed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer, spectrofluorometer, and time-of-flight aerosol chem. speciation monitor. Several deconvolution methods, including pos. matrix factorization, parallel factor anal., and least-squares anal., were applied to the measured spectra, resulting in three classes of WSOM. The highly polar fraction of WSOM, which predominantly exists in the range of log KOW <0, is highly oxygenated and exhibits similar optical properties as those of light-absorbing humic-like substances (HULIS, termed after the humic substances due to the similarity in chem. characteristics). WSOM in the least-polar fraction, which mainly distributes in log KOW >1, mostly consists of hydrocarbon-like and high mol. weight species. In between the most- and least-polar fraction, WSOM in the marginally polar fraction likely contains aromatic compounds The analyses have also suggested the existence of HULIS with different polarities. Comparison with previous studies indicates that only WSOM in the highly polar fraction (log KOW <0) likely contributes to water uptake. Environmental Science & Technology published new progress about Acacia mangium. 111-87-5 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is n-Octanol, and the molecular formula is C8H18O, Synthetic Route of 111-87-5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Kawasaki, Akitomo published the artcileManipulating exudate composition from root apices shapes the microbiome throughout the root system, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is composition apices shape microbiome throughout root system.

Certain soil microorganisms can improve plant growth, and practices that encourage their proliferation around the roots can boost production and reduce reliance on agrochems. The beneficial effects of the microbial inoculants currently used in agriculture are inconsistent or short-lived because their persistence in soil and on roots is often poor. A complementary approach could use root exudates to recruit beneficial microbes directly from the soil and encourage inoculant proliferation. However, it is unclear whether the release of common organic metabolites can alter the root microbiome in a consistent manner and if so, how those changes vary throughout the whole root system. In this study, we altered the expression of transporters from the ALUMINUM-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER and the MULTIDRUG AND TOXIC Compound EXTRUSION families in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and tested how the subsequent release of their substrates (simple organic anions, including malate, citrate, and γ-amino butyric acid) from root apices affected the root microbiomes. We demonstrate that these exudate compounds, sep. and in combination, significantly altered microbiome composition throughout the root system. However, the root type (seminal or nodal), position along the roots (apex or base), and soil type had a greater influence on microbiome structure than the exudates. These results reveal that the root microbiomes of important cereal species can be manipulated by altering the composition of root exudates, and support ongoing attempts to improve plant production by manipulating the root microbiome.

Plant Physiology published new progress about Acidimicrobiia. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Guan, Tianyue published the artcileSpore Powder of Paecilomyces hepiali Shapes Gut Microbiota to Relieve Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6, the main research area is Paecilomyces fatigue gut microbiota spore powder; Paecilomyces hepiali; anti-fatigue; functional food; gut microbiota; spore.

Paecilomyces hepiali, a fungal strain isolated from natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis, contains similar pharmacol. active components, has been used widely as a substitute of O. sinensis in functional food and medicine. However, the components and anti-fatigue effects of P.hepiali spores and their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Here, we compared the chem. composition in P.hepiali spore (HPS) and mycelium (HPM) by liquid chromatog. with tandem mass spectrometry anal. We found 85 metabolites with significant differences, and HPS contains more L-Malic acid, Oxalacetic acid, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and L-Arginine than HPM. Then we evaluated their anti-fatigue effects and regulatory effects on the gut microbiota in mice. The forced swimming time (SW) was only significantly increased in HPS groups: the high and low dose of the HPS group was 101% and 72% longer than the control group, resp. Both HPS and HPM treatment decreased lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatine kinase while increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the blood. Moreover, mice treated with HPS and HPM showed less skeletal muscle fiber spacing and breakage. The relative abundance of Alistips, Eubacterium, Bacterium, Parasutterella, and Olsenella in the gut microbiota of the HPS group was higher than that in the HPM group through 16S rRNA gene sequencing anal. These changes may be related to the regulation of nucleotide, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism Correlation anal. between the gut microbiota and fatigue-related indicators suggested that Alistips, Clostridium, Akkermansia, Olsenella, and Lactobacillus were pos. correlated with the SW and LDH content. Our findings demonstrated that HPS has beneficial anti-fatigue effects by regulating gut microbiota.

Nutrients published new progress about Actinobacteria. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Pilkington, Lisa I. published the artcileA chemometric analysis of deep-sea natural products, Safety of n-Octanol, the main research area is cytarabine vidarabine trabectedin pharmacokinetics natural product; chemical space; deep-sea; drug-like; known drug space; lead-like; natural products.

In this study, 179 deep-sea natural products isolated from 2009 to 2013 were investigated by analyzing their physicochem. properties that are important indicators of the ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity) profile of a compound The study and anal. of these mol. descriptors and characteristics enabled the defining of these compounds in various chem. spaces, particularly as an indication of their drug-likeness and position in chem. space and is the first to be conducted to analyze deep-sea derived natural products. It was found that ~40% of all deep-sea natural products were drug-like and 2/3 were within Known Drug Space (KDS), highlighting the high drug-likeness of a significant proportion of deep-sea natural products, most of which have already been shown to have notable biol. activities, that should be further investigated as potential therapeutics. Furthermore, this study was able to reveal the general structural differences between compounds from Animalia, Bacteria and Fungi organisms where it was observed that natural products from members of the Animalia kingdom are structurally more varied than compounds from bacteria and fungi. It was also noted that, in general, fungi-derived compounds occupy a more favorable position in drug-like chem. space and are a rich and promising source of biol.-active natural products for the purposes of drug development and therapeutic application.

Molecules published new progress about Actinobacteria. 111-87-5 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is n-Octanol, and the molecular formula is C8H18O, Safety of n-Octanol.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Song, Min published the artcileDietary chenodeoxycholic acid improves growth performance and intestinal health by altering serum metabolic profiles and gut bacteria in weaned piglets, Formula: C4H10OS, the main research area is dietary chenodeoxycholic acid improve growth altering gut bacteria metabolism; Chenodeoxycholic acid; Growth performance; Gut health; Gut microbiota; Serum metabolite; Weaned piglet.

Nutritional diarrhea and subsequent performance degradation in weaned piglets are major challenges for the pig industry. Bile acids (BA) can be added to the diet as emulsifiers. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a major primary BA, on growth performance, serum metabolic profiles and gut health in weaned piglets. A total of 72 healthy weaned piglets were randomly assigned to the control (CON) and the CDCA groups, which were feed a basal diet and the basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg CDCA for 30 d, resp. Our results demonstrated that CDCA significantly increased final BW and average daily gain (ADG), decreased feed-to-gain (F:G) ratio and tended to reduce diarrhea incidence. In addition, CDCA increased the villus height-to-crypt depth (V:C) ratio, elevated goblet cell numbers and the expression of tight junction proteins, suggesting the enhancement of intestinal barrier function. As an emulsifier, CDCA increased jejunal lipase activity and the mRNA expression of pancreatic lipases. CDCA supplementation also altered the serum metabolic profiles, including increasing the levels of indole 3-acetic acid, N′-formylkynurenine and theobromine that were beneficial for gut health. Moreover, the relative abundance of 2 beneficial gut bacteria, Prevotella9 and PrevotellaceaeTCG-001, were increased, whereas the relative abundance of a harmful bacteria, Dorea, was decreased in the gut of weaned piglets supplemented with CDCA. Importantly, the altered serum metabolic profiles showed a strong correlation with the changed gut bacteria. In conclusion, CDCA improved the growth performance of weaned piglets by improving intestinal morphol. and barrier function, and enhancing lipid digestion, accompanied by alterations of serum metabolic profiles, and changes in relative abundance of certain gut bacteria.

Animal Nutrition published new progress about Actinobacteria. 505-10-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 3-(Methylthio)propan-1-ol, and the molecular formula is C4H10OS, Formula: C4H10OS.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Sharma, Mahima published the artcileBacopa monnieri attenuates glutamate-induced nociception and brain mitochondrial toxicity in Zebrafish, COA of Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is Bacopa Danio glutamate nociception brain mitochondrial toxicity apoptosis; Apoptosis; Bacopa monnieri; Brain; Glutamate; Mitochondria; Zebrafish.

Bacopa monnieri L.(BM; Family: Scrophulariaceae), commonly known as Brahmi, is traditionally used as a nootropic agent. BM also exhibits significant analgesic activity in exptl. models of pain. However, the effect of Bacopa monnieri against glutamate-induced nociception in zebrafish is yet to be explored in exptl. condition. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of BM against glutamate-induced nociception and brain mitochondrial toxicity in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). BM at 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL was administered to adult zebrafish and after half an hour glutamate was injected through i.m. route of administration. Indomethacin was used as standard drug. After behavioral anal., the fish were euthanized and the brain was isolated and stored for further biochem. anal. BM (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) and indomethacin significantly attenuated the glutamate-induced increase in number of line crossing compared to control group animals. Addnl., BM (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) and indomethacin significantly reduced the glutamate induced increase in cytosolic calcium level. Further, there was a substantial improvement in mitochondrial function, integrity and bioenergetics in term of respiratory control rate and ADP/O in zebrafish brain. Moreover, BM (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) and indomethacin significantly reduced the glutamate-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in zebrafish brain. Therefore, BM could be a potential alternative drug candidate in the management of pain.

Metabolic Brain Disease published new progress about Acute toxicity. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, COA of Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Jacobs, Jeffrey W. published the artcileDiscovery of Tenapanor: A First-in-Class Minimally Systemic Inhibitor of Intestinal Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform 3, Computed Properties of 110-99-6, the main research area is tenapanor inhibitor intestine sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 NHE3.

We present herein the design, synthesis, and optimization of gut-restricted inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3). NHE3 is predominantly expressed in the kidney and gastrointestinal tract where it acts as the major absorptive sodium transporter. We desired minimally systemic agents that would block sodium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract but avoid exposure in the kidney. Starting with a relatively low-potency highly bioavailable hit compound (1), potent and minimally absorbed NHE3 inhibitors were designed, culminating with the discovery of tenapanor (28). Tenapanor has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation in adults.

ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters published new progress about Digestive tract. 110-99-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 2,2′-Oxydiacetic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Computed Properties of 110-99-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zhu, Hu published the artcileIdentification of Activators of Human Fumarate Hydratase by Quantitative High-Throughput Screening, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is fumarate hydratase antioxidant hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell cancer; automation; enzyme assays; enzyme kinetics; fluorescence methods; robotics; ultra-high-throughput screening.

Fumarate hydratase (FH) is a metabolic enzyme that is part of the Krebs cycle and reversibly catalyzes the hydration of fumarate to malate. Mutations of the FH gene have been associated with fumarate hydratase deficiency (FHD), hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC), and other diseases. Currently, there are no high-quality small-mol. probes for studying human FH. To address this, we developed a quant. high-throughput screening (qHTS) FH assay and screened a total of 57,037 compounds from inhouse libraries in dose-response. While no inhibitors of FH were confirmed, a series of phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidine-diones were identified as activators of human FH. These compounds were not substrates of FH, were inactive in a malate dehydrogenase counterscreen, and showed no detectable reduction-oxidation activity. The binding of two compounds from the series to human FH was confirmed by microscale thermophoresis. The low hit rate in this screening campaign confirmed that FH is a “”tough target”” to modulate, and the small-mol. activators of human FH reported here may serve as a starting point for further optimization and development into cellular probes of human FH and potential drug candidates.

SLAS Discovery published new progress about Enzyme kinetics. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts