Tag: 400-500

Dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein levels affect the performance, egg quality and biochemical parameters of a dual-purpose chicken was written by Geng, Ai Lian;Zhang, Qian Qian;Chang, Cheng;Wang, Hai Hong;Chu, Qin;Zhang, Jian;Yan, Zhi Xun;Liu, Hua Gui. And the article was included in Animal Biotechnology.Related Products of 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

Effects of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) level on performance, egg quality and biochem. parameters were studied in a dual-purpose chicken-Beijing You Chicken (BYC) at peak laying period. A 3 x 3 factorial experiment was arranged, including 3 levels of dietary ME (11.31, 11.51, 11.71 MJ/kg) and 3 levels of dietary CP (14%, 15%, 16%). The results showed that dietary CP level alone and the interaction of ME by CP affected the total feed intake (TFI) during 27-30 wks, dietary ME level affected the mortality rate of 27-34 wks of age (p = 0.018), with the highest mortality rate found in 11.31 MJ/kg group (3.10%). The albumen height (AH), Haugh unit (HU) and egg grade (EG) of 16% group was higher than those in 14% and 15% groups (p < 0.05). Serum IgG content in 11.31 MJ/kg group was lower than in 11.51 MJ/kg and 11.71 MJ/kg groups (p = 0.037). The present study suggested that dietary levels of 11.51 MJ/kg ME and 16.0% CP are enough to maintain the performance and egg quality of BYC at peak laying period. 11.31 MJ/kg ME increased the mortality of the chicken, which may be related to the decrease of the humoral immune function and antioxidative capability. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Related Products of 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Related Products of 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Efficacy of using zinc oxide nanoparticle as a substitute to antibiotic growth promoter and zinc sulphate for growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity and intestinal barrier function in broilers was written by Zhang, Jiaqi;Li, Zhihua;Yu, Caiyun;Liu, Huijuan;Zhou, Binbin;Zhang, Xuhui;Wang, Tian;Wang, Chao. And the article was included in Italian Journal of Animal Science in 2022.Recommanded Product: 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

Dietary zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP) possessing multiple biol. activities might be a potential substitute for the combination of ZnSO4 and antibiotic growth promoter in broiler diets. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of dietary ZnO NP as a substitute to the combination of ZnSO4 and xanthomycin for growth, antioxidant capacity, immunity, intestinal barrier and liver function in broilers. Arbor Acres chicks (n = 320) were assigned to 5 treatments with 8 replicates. Birds received a basal diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg ZnSO4 plus 5 mg/kg xanthomycin (ZnSO4 + Xanthomycin) or 0 (neg. control, NC), 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg ZnO NP for 42 days. The average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed-to-gain ratio showed dose-dependent increases with the increasing level of dietary ZnO NP during the 21-42 day and 1-42 day stages. The final body weight (42 d) and serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 and growth hormone increased linearly with the increasing level of dietary ZnO NP. In addition, 80 mg/kg ZnO NP increased the serum concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, andinterleukin-10 and peroxidase activity, the jejunal mucosal villus height, villus width and goblet cell numbers Dietary 80 or 160 mg/kg ZnO NP significantly altered mRNA abundances of genes related to antioxidant status, intestinal barrier and immunity in the jejunal mucosa. These results indicated that dietary supplementation with 40-160 mg/kg ZnO NP caused no obvious neg. effects on liver function, but effectively improved growth performance, intestinal barrier function, immunity and antioxidant capacity. HighlightsDietary 40-160 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP) improved growth performance and enhanced immunity of broilers without obvious neg. effects on liver function. Dietary 40-160 mg/kg ZnO NP improved intestinal barrier and intestinal morphol., and enhanced antioxidant capacity via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Doses of 40-80 mg/kg ZnO NP were suggested to alternate the combination of 80 mg/kg ZnSO4 and 5 mg/kg xanthomycin in diets of broilers. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Recommanded Product: 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Recommanded Product: 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Substitution of fish meal with enzyme-treated soybean in diets for juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterussalmoides) was written by Liu, Xin;Chi, Shuyan;Li, Shuai;Cheng, Xiaoli;Gao, Weihua;Xu, Qiaoqing;Zhang, Wenbing;Zhou, Xiaoqiu. And the article was included in Aquaculture Nutrition in 2021.Application In Synthesis of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

A 63-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of enzyme-treated soybean (ESB) replacing fish meal (FM) on growth performance, muscle composition, biochem. indexes, digestive enzymes activities and intestinal morphol. of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Largemouth bass with initial weight of (18.14 ± 0.11) g were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates, each group of 30 fish per replicate. Five diets were formulated by replacing 0, 80, 120, 160 and 200 g kg-1 FM with ESB (ESB0, ESB80, ESB120, ESB160 and ESB200, resp.). Results showed that weight gain rate and specific growth rate significantly improved in ESB160 group (p < .05). Crude protein content in muscle significantly increased with FM replacement amount up to 160 g kg-1, while crude lipid content significantly decreased (p < .05). Activities of lysozyme and catalase reached the highest level in ESB120 group (p < .05). The activity of superoxide dismutase was significantly increased in ESB200 group, while malondialdehyde concentration significantly decreased. With increasing dietary ESB level, activities of protease and lipase in stomach had significant increase in ESB160 group (p < .05). The intestinal wall thickness and villi length in ESB160 group were significantly higher than those in other groups (p < .05). To sum up, the present study suggested that the optimal replacement level of dietary FM by ESB was 160 g kg-1, which means the supplemented levels of FM and ESB in diet were 400 and 260 g kg-1, resp. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Application In Synthesis of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Application In Synthesis of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Crosslinked films based on N-hydrophobic-O-hydrophilic chitosan derivatives: Preparation, properties and application in banana storage was written by Liu, Qun;Li, Bo;Li, Yan;Yang, Xiaodeng;Wang, Shoujuan;Qiao, Congde;Wang, Nianxing. And the article was included in Food Hydrocolloids in 2023.Application In Synthesis of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

Two kinds of N-hydrophobic-O-hydrophilic chitosan derivatives, N-2-hydroxypropyl-3-Bu ether-O-carboxymethyl chitosan (HBCC) and N-2-hydroxypropyl-3-(2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether)-O-carboxymethyl chitosan (H2ECC) were synthesized and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to prepare HBCC and H2ECC films. The properties of the crosslinked films, including microstructure, mech. properties, water vapor permeability, swelling property, light transmission, wettability, thermal stability, antibacterial property, and biocompatibility were characterized. The uncrosslinked HBCC and H2ECC films were used as controls. The results showed that the crosslinked films had tight structures, low water vapor permeability, strong water resistance, high UV light resistance, a slight decrease in visible light transmittance, and a small contact angle. The crosslinked films showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, non-toxicity to endothelial cells, and good biodegradability. Also, the crosslinked films can effectively prolong the fresh-keeping time of bananas by delaying the formation of soluble polysaccharides and malondialdehyde (MDA) in bananas. These results indicate that HBCC and H2ECC crosslinked films are potential biodegradable materials for fruit preservation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Application In Synthesis of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Application In Synthesis of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Glycemic, insulinemic and methylglyoxal postprandial responses to starches alone or in whole diets in dogs versus cats: Relating the concept of glycemic index to metabolic responses and gene expression was written by Briens, Jennifer M.;Subramaniam, Marina;Kilgour, Alyssa;Loewen, Matthew E.;Desai, Kaushik M.;Adolphe, Jennifer L.;Zatti, Kyla M.;Drew, Murray D.;Weber, Lynn P.. And the article was included in Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology in 2021.Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10 This article mentions the following:

Species differences between domestic cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis familiaris) has led to differences in their ability to digest, absorb and metabolize carbohydrates through poorly characterized mechanisms. The current study aimed to first examine biopsied small intestine, pancreas, liver and skeletal muscle from laboratory beagles and domestic cats for mRNA expression of key enzymes involved in starch digestion (amylase), glucose transport (sodium-dependent SGLTs and -independent glucose transporters, GLUT) and glucose metabolism (hexokinase and glucokinase). Cats had lower mRNA expression of most genes examined in almost all tissues compared to dogs (p < 0.05). Next, postprandial glucose, insulin, methylglyoxal (a toxic glucose metabolite) and D-lactate (metabolite of methylglyoxal) after single feedings of different starch sources were tested in fasted dogs and cats. After feeding pure glucose, peak postprandial blood glucose and methylglyoxal were surprisingly similar between dogs and cats, except cats had a longer time to peak and a greater area under the curve consistent with lower glycolytic enzyme expression. After feeding starches or whole diets to dogs, postprandial glycemic response, glycemic index, insulin, methylglyoxal and D-lactate followed reported glycemic index trends in humans. In contrast, cats showed very low to negligible postprandial glycemic responses and low insulin after feeding different starch sources, but not whole diets, with no relationship to methylglyoxal or D-lactate. Thus, the concept of glycemic index appears valid in dogs, but not cats. Differences in amylase, glucose transporters, and glycolytic enzymes are consistent with species differences in starch and glucose handling between cats and dogs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and Lactobacillus plantarum JL01 induce cytokine alterations by the production of TCDA, DHA, and succinic and palmitic acids, and enhance immunity of weaned piglets was written by Geng, Tingting;He, Feng;Su, Shuai;Sun, Kecheng;Zhao, Lei;Zhao, Yuan;Bao, Nan;Pan, Li;Sun, Hui. And the article was included in Research in Veterinary Science in 2021.SDS of cas: 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

Probiotics, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and Lactobacillus plantarum JL01, can improve growth performance and immunity of piglets, and relieve weaning stress-related immune disorders such as intestinal infections and inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of co-administration of the probiotics L. rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and L. plantarum JL01 to stimulate immune responses and improve gut health during the critical weaning period in piglets. Forty-eight weaned piglets were randomly divided into four groups, and fed daily for 28 days either without, or with the two probiotics independently, or in combination. On day 28, we analyzed the cytokine and bacterial changes in intestinal mucosa and the hepatic portal vein blood metabolites of the weaned piglets. Our results showed that combined L. rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and L. plantarum JL01 significantly increased (p < 0.05) the growth performance and expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 mRNAs. In contrast, this treatment significantly decreased (p < 0.05) IL-1β mRNA level in the jejunum, ileum, and cecum. Furthermore, the secretion of IL-6 in the cecum, IL-1β in the jejunum, ileum, and cecum, and TNF-α in the jejunum and ileum was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Prevotella_9 and Enterococcus in ileum and cecum was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Ruminococcus_1 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 in cecum was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Prevotella_9 and Enterococcus may increase the accumulation of (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TCDA) in portal vein blood, while Ruminococcus_1 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 may decrease the accumulation of succinic and palmitic acids. These results indicate that L. rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and L. plantarum JL01 may regulate cytokine levels by reducing the accumulation of succinic and palmitic acids and increasing the accumulation of TCDA and DHA, thereby enhancing the immunity of weaned piglets. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6SDS of cas: 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.SDS of cas: 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dietary sea buckthorn polysaccharide reduced lipid accumulation, alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress, and normalized imbalance of intestinal microbiota that was induced by high-fat diet in zebrafish Danio rerio was written by Lan, Ying;Wang, Chi;Zhang, Cheng;Li, Pengju;Zhang, Jinding;Ji, Hong;Yu, Haibo. And the article was included in Fish Physiology and Biochemistry.Recommanded Product: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

The purpose of this study was to explore the beneficial effects of sea buckthorn polysaccharide (SP) on lipid metabolism, liver, and intestinal health in zebrafish fed with high-fat diet (HFD). The zebrafish were fed with regular diet (RD), HFD, and HFD supplemented with 2 g/kg (HFD_2SP) and 4 g/kg (HFD_4SP) of SP, resp. Growth, serum biochem., histopathol., expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress and tight junction, and changes in intestinal microbiota were detected. Results showed that adding 2 and 4 g/kg of SP in the HFD significantly improved the survival rate of zebrafish; reduced the levels of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT); and alleviated the lipid accumulation in the liver of zebrafish. Furthermore, SP significantly enhanced the antioxidant capacity of liver and intestine by up-regulating the expression of Nrf2 and Cu/Zn-SOD and alleviated liver and intestinal inflammation induced by HFD through up-regulating the expression of TGF-β1 and suppressing the expression of P38MAPK, IL-8, and IL-1β. Especially, dietary SP normalized intestinal microbiota imbalance caused by HFD and inhibited the proliferation of harmful bacteria, i.e., Mycobacterium, but promoted the proliferation of intestinal beneficial bacteria, i.e., Cetobacterium. In summary, 2 and 4 g/kg of dietary SP significantly reduced lipid accumulation, alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress, and normalized the imbalance of intestinal microbiota induced by HFD and consequently improved the survival rate of zebrafish. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Recommanded Product: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Recommanded Product: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dietary potassium partially compensates the requirement of aqueous potassium of P. vannamei reared in medium saline inland groundwater was written by Zaffar, Ifrah;Varghese, Tincy;Dasgupta, Subrata;Sahu, Narottam Prasad;Srivastava, Prem Prakash;Harikrishna, Vungarala;Mushtaq, Zahoor;Dar, Showkat Ahmad;Prakash, Satya;Krishna, Gopal. And the article was included in Aquaculture Research in 2021.Name: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

A 15-day trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary potassium on the requirement of aqueous potassium in P. vannamei under inland saline water (ISW). Two exptl. diets viz. control (C) and control with 1% KCl (K) were fed to P. vannamei as six treatments viz. FW (reared in freshwater and fed on C), ASW (reared in artificial seawater and fed on C), ISW (reared in inland saline water and fed on C), ISW+eK (reared in potassium fortified ISW and fed on C), ISW+fK (reared in ISW and fed on K) and ISW+1/2eK+fK (reared in 50% K fortified ISW and fed on K). The samples were collected on selected intervals (0th day, 1st day, 7th day and 15th day), and mortality was recorded continuously. Total mortality (100%) was observed in FW and ISW. 100% survival was recorded in ASW and ISW+1/2eK+fK, while a lower survival was observed in ISW+fk. The haemolymph osmotic and ionic concentrations were lowest in FW and ISW. The principal ions (Na+, K+ and Cl-) and osmolality of ISW+1/2 eK+fK were restored to the level of ASW within 15 days. Na+K+ATPase activity was increased in ISW while lowered by K supplementation. HSP70 expression was upregulated in ISW fortified with K partially or entirely. However, the groups reared in ISW and ISW supplemented with feed potassium alone could not enhance HSP protection up to the level of ISW+eK and ISW+1/2 eK+fK groups. Overall, 50% of aqueous potassium can be compensated with 1% dietary KCl, without affecting survival and ionic homeostasis. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Name: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Name: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Optimizing the morphology of calcium D-pantothenate by controlling phase transformation processes was written by Han, Dandan;Du, Shichao;Wu, Songgu;Ouyang, Ruiling;Gong, Junbo. And the article was included in CrystEngComm in 2021.Application of 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

Calcium D-pantothenate, also known as VB5, is one of the most important feed additives. It typically assumes a needle-like morphol. that easily agglomerates, resulting in poor flowability and low bulk d. Here, we develop a route to prepare calcium D-pantothenate in a block-like morphol. with good flowability and high bulk d. Also, the solvent-mediated phase transformation of calcium D-pantothenate methanol solvate (D-PC·MeOH) into D-pantothenate tetramethanol monohydrate (D-PC·4MeOH·H2O) was investigated by in situ ATR-FTIR spectrometry and Raman spectrometry, and the data was subsequently correlated by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami model. Results demonstrate that the rate-controlling step was the nucleation and growth of D-PC·4MeOH·H2O. Careful control over the thermal transformation process of D-PC·4MeOH·H2O enabled the formation of solvent-free calcium D-pantothenate in a block-like morphol. Mol. dynamics simulations enabled a deeper understanding of the effects of temperature on the phase transformation process. This work provides a framework to scale the production of calcium D-pantothenate to industrial levels. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Application of 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Application of 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dietary niacin requirement of fingerling Indian major carp Catla catla Hamilton was written by Khan, Younis Mohd;Khan, Mukhtar A.. And the article was included in Aquaculture Nutrition in 2021.Name: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary niacin requirement of fingerling Catla catla. Eight casein-gelatin based isonitrogenous (350 g/kg CP) and iso-caloric (16.72 kJ/g GE) test diets with graded levels of niacin (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 mg/kg diet) were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of fingerlings (3.5 ± 0.5 g) to apparent satiation thrice daily for 16 wk. Live weight gain (LWG%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER%) and protein productive value (PPV) improved significantly (p < .05) with the incremental levels of dietary niacin up to 30 mg/kg diet beyond which no significant (p > .05) difference was observed in above parameters. RNA/DNA ratio also increased significantly (p < .05) as dietary niacin levels increased from 0 to 30 mg/kg, and thereafter remained unaffected with further inclusion of niacin. Blood indexes including haematocrit (Hct), Hb (Hb) and RBCs counts were significantly (p < .05) affected by varying levels of dietary niacin and also found to be highest in fish fed 30 mg/kg niacin. However, liver niacin concentration increased significantly (p < .05) with increasing dietary niacin levels up to 40 mg/kg diet indicating liver niacin saturation at this level. Broken-line regression anal. of LWG, FCR, PPV and liver niacin concentrations against varying levels of dietary niacin indicated the break points at 27.71, 27.81, 30.75 and 40.64 mg niacin per kg of the dry diet, resp. On the basis of the results obtained through regression anal. of above parameters, inclusion of 31.72 mg/kg niacin diet is recommended for fingerling C. catla. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Name: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Name: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts