Tag: 400-500

Effects of dietary selenium on growth performance, antioxidative status and tissue selenium deposition of juvenile Chu’s croaker (Nibea coibor) was written by Lin, Fan;Zhang, Haoran;Yu, Jun;Yu, Chuanqi;Chen, Cuiying;Sun, Zhijie;Wang, Shuqi;Wen, Xiaobo. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

Selenium (Se) is an essential antioxidative trace element for animals. Proper dietary Se supplementation could promote growth and antioxidative ability of fish species, especially for those under oxidative stress caused by high-d. aquaculture model. However, the narrow safety rage between deficiency and toxicity doses of Se complicates its use for supplementation purpose. Here, we reported the effects of dietary Se supplementation with sodium selenite (0.21, 0.53, 0.79, 1.11, 1.45 and 1.72 mg Se/kg diet, P1-P6) on the growth performance, antioxidative status and tissue Se deposition of an important marine economic fish, Chu’s croaker (Nibea coibor). After an 8-wk feeding trial, it was demonstrated that the dietary Se supplementation (P1-P3) significantly improved the weight gain of the fish, while a decreased trend of weight gain was observed at higher Se supplementation levels (P4-P6). The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in serum and liver significantly increased with the increasing Se levels. While, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) firstly increased and then decreased with the increasing Se levels, with highest value presented in P4 and P3 group, resp. The trends of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum and liver were opposite to those of CAT, with lowest value in P3 group. Similar to their enzyme activity counterparts, the mRNA expression of GPx1, SOD1 and SOD2 in liver were also significantly affected by the dietary Se levels. Furthermore, it was shown that Se contents in liver, muscle and swim bladder linearly increased with the dietary Se levels, with the Se accumulation efficiency of liver > muscle > swim bladder. It can be concluded that a dietary Se supplementation of 0.74 mg/kg is suggested for the aquaculture of juvenile N. coibor, based on the weight gain, antioxidative enzyme activities/expression and tissue Se accumulation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6HPLC of Formula: 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.HPLC of Formula: 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

A Collection of Molecular Fingerprints of Single Aerosol Particles in Air for Potential Identification and Detection Using Optical Trapping-Raman Spectroscopy was written by Alali, Haifa;Ai, Yukai;Pan, Yong-Le;Videen, Gorden;Wang, Chuji. And the article was included in Molecules in 2022.HPLC of Formula: 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

Characterization, identification, and detection of aerosol particles in their native atm. states remain a challenge. Recently, optical trapping-Raman spectroscopy (OT-RS) has been developed and demonstrated for characterization of single, airborne particles. Such particles in different chem. groups have been characterized by OT-RS in recent years and many more are being studied. In this work, we collected single-particle Raman spectra measured using the OT-RS technique and began construction of a library of OT-RS fingerprints that may be used as a reference for potential detection and identification of aerosol particles in the atm. We collected OT-RS fingerprints of aerosol particles from eight different categories including carbons, bioaerosols (pollens, fungi, vitamins, spores), dusts, biol. warfare agent surrogates, etc. Among the eight categories, spectral fingerprints of six groups of aerosol particles have been published previously and two other groups are new. We also discussed challenges, limitations, and advantages of using single-particle optical trapping-Raman spectroscopy for aerosol-particle characterization, identification, and detection. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6HPLC of Formula: 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.HPLC of Formula: 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

The effect of the high-fat diet supplemented with various forms of chromium on rats body composition, liver metabolism and organ histology Cr in liver metabolism and histology of selected organs was written by Ognik, Katarzyna;Dworzanski, Wojciech;Sembratowicz, Iwona;Fotschki, Bartosz;Cholewinska, Ewelina;Listos, Piotr;Juskiewicz, Jerzy. And the article was included in Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology in 2021.SDS of cas: 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

In the present study, we hypothesized that feeding rats a high-fat diet neg. affects liver metabolism and function and disturbs the histol. of some internal organs. We also postulated that there is a form of chromium whose administration alleviates the neg. effects of a high-fat diet in rats. To verify the hypotheses, we tested the effect of various forms of chrome (picolinate – Cr-Pic, Chromium(III)-methionine complex – Cr-Met, and chrome nanoparticles – Cr-NPs) applied in the recommended amount of 0.3 mg/kg of BW on growth parameters, body fat, liver metabolism and functional disorders, and histol. parameters of selected internal organs in rats fed a standard (S) or high-fat diet (F). The experiment was conducted on 56 male outbred Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus. Cmdb:WI) randomly divided into eight exptl. groups. For eight weeks the rats received a standard or high-fat diet, without Cr or with Cr at 0.3 mg/kg diet in the form of Cr-Pic, Cr-Met or Cr-NPs. The use of a F diet disrupted the lipid-carbohydrate profile, worsened liver metabolism and function, reduced the expression of hepatic PPAR-α and leaded to neg. changes in the histol. image of internal organs – liver, kidneys and pancreas. The 8-wk use of an chromium supplement in a F diet, regardless of the form used, did not improve the ratio of fat tissue to lean tissue, worsened liver function and neg. affected on the histol. image of the liver, kidneys and pancreas. However, the most neg. changes in lipid-carbohydrate metabolism and liver functioning were observed with CrNPs supplementation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6SDS of cas: 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.SDS of cas: 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effects of eri silkworm (Samia ricini) pupae inclusion in broiler diets on growth performances, health, carcass characteristics and meat quality was written by Kongsup, Penpicha;Lertjirakul, Somporn;Chotimanothum, Banthari;Chundang, Pipatpong;Kovitvadhi, Attawit. And the article was included in Animal Bioscience in 2022.Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10 This article mentions the following:

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate amount of eri silkworm pupae meal (Samia ricini) to add to the broiler diet. Two hundred 1-day-old male chicks with initial weight at 50.03 ± 0.56 g/chick were divided into four groups (five replicates per group and ten chicks per replicate): a control group fed a corn-soybean diet and exptl. groups supplemented with 5%, 10%, or 15% eri silkworm pupae meal. All exptl. diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and formulated respecting nutrient requirements. Growth performances were collected during the exptl. period and other parameters were collected at the end of experiment when broilers reached thirty-eight days old. A higher cold carcass weight and skin yellowness in the broilers fed 10% eri silk-worm pupae meal compared with the other groups (p<0.05). Therefore, supplementation with 10% eri silkworm pupae meal is suggested for the broiler diet formulation because it did not cause any serious neg. consequences on growth performance, health status, carcass characteristics and meat quality. However, the usage of eri silkworm pupae meal at 15% is not recommend because it led to neg. outcomes Conclusion: The addition of eri silkworm pupae at 10% can be used as an alternative protein sources for broiler chickens which provided benefits on cold carcass weight and skin yellowness without adverse effects. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effects of broussonetia papyrifera-fermented feed on production performance, egg quality, and caecal microbiota of laying hens during the late laying period was written by Zhu, Yipu;Tao, Zhenyang;Chen, Xiaochen;Xiao, Jianshe;Zhang, Yanda;Wang, Zhanbin. And the article was included in Italian Journal of Animal Science in 2022.Electric Literature of C18H32CaN2O10 This article mentions the following:

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different proportions of Broussonetia papyrifera (BP)-fermented feed in the diet to replace part of soybean meal on the production performance, egg quality and caecal microbiota of laying hens in the late laying period. In the experiment, 360 Hy-line brown laying hens (67-wk-old) were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 15 chickens in each replicate. The control group was fed with basic diets, and EG1, EG2 and EG3 groups were used in 1.5%, 3% and 4.5% BP-fermented feed to replace corn and soybean meal in the basic diet, resp. The pre-feeding period was 7 days, and the experiment period was 56 days. In terms of production performance, the average daily egg production in the EG3 decreased significantly compared with that in the control group (p < .05). In terms of caecal microorganisms, the abundance indexes of Sobs, Chao, and ACE community distribution in EG2 significantly increased compared with those in the control group (p < .05). At the phylum level, the abundance of WPS-2 in all exptl. groups significantly increased (p < .05). The abundance of Actinobacteria in EG1 increased significantly, and that of Campilobacterota and Elusimicrobiota in EG2 significantly increased (p < .05). At the genus level, Olsenella in EG1 increased significantly (p<.05) and UCG-008 in EG3 increased significantly (p < .05) with increasing replacement ratio of BP-fermented feed compared with the control group. The results suggest that based on the production performance, the recommended replacement amount is 3%. HighlightsBP-fermented feed can be used as a new protein feed in layers diet at late laying stages. BP-fermented feed had no significant impact on improved egg production performance and egg quality. Replacing part of soybean meal with BP-fermented feed can significantly increase the WPS-2 and Actinobacteria and other phyla, resulting in changes in the intestinal microbes of laying hens. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Electric Literature of C18H32CaN2O10).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Electric Literature of C18H32CaN2O10

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Replacing dietary fish meal improves ecosystem services of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) farming was written by Cui, Zhenghe;Zhang, Jingya;Ren, Xing;Wang, Yan. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2022.Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10 This article mentions the following:

Sustainability of aquaculture industry depends on the value of ecosystem services (VES), which has been rarely quantified in aquaculture practices. The present study evaluated the impact of replacing dietary fish meal with soy protein concentrate (SPC) and cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) on VES of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides farming. A reference diet (RF) contained 400 g/kg fish meal, and 20%, 40% and 60% of the fish meal was replaced by either SPC (SPC20, SPC40, SPC60) or CPC (CPC20, CPC40, CPC60). Fish were fed with the test diets for eight weeks, and alternation in VES of three categories, including provision services, regulating services and cultural services, were calculated No significant differences were found in weight gain, retention efficiencies of nitrogen and carbon, condition factor, proximate composition of whole body and nitrogen waste between fish fed diet RF and diets CPC20, CPC40, CPC60, SPC20, SPC40 and SPC60. Fish fed diet RF exhibited lower feed intake and feed conversion ratio, but lower carbon waste relative to fish fed diet CPC60, and higher phosphorus waste relative to fish fed diet SPC60. These results reveal that fish meal level in largemouth bass diet could be reduced to 160 g/kg by using SPC or CPC as a fish meal alternate, and replacing dietary fish meal did not result in apparent neg. impact on regulating services of largemouth bass farming. The ratio of fish meal consumption to fish production declined with increasing fish meal replacement level, indicating provision services was improved by feeding diets CPC60 and SPC60. This study reveals, for the first time, that improvement of feeding management benefits to amplify VES of largemouth bass farming. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effect of drying on vitamin, carotene, organic acid, mineral composition, and microstructural properties of mango (Mangifera indica) was written by Sarkar, Tanmay;Salauddin, Molla;Sheikh, Hassan Ibrahim;Pati, Siddhartha;Chakraborty, Runu. And the article was included in Journal of Food Processing and Preservation in 2022.Name: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

Mangoes are rich in vitamins, carotenes, organic acids (OA), and minerals. Sun, convective, microwave, and freeze-drying have been adopted for mango leather processing. Raw mango pulp (RMP) was found superior in vitamin A (1.52 ± 0.06 mg/100 g) and ascorbic acid (41.58 ± 1.36 mg/100 g) content. Vitamin D was not detected in the raw or dried product. Citric acid is found highest in the RMP (633.70 ± 2.05 mg/100 g). Drying significantly affects the vitamin (decrement of 20.32%-92.69% for vitamin A, 16.58%-61.31% for tocopherols, 29.94%-143% for vitamin C), and carotene content (3.17%-87.99% decrease). An increase of 5.62% and 15.16% in propionic acid content was observed for microwave and sun-dried products resp., while a decrease of 6.48% to 9.98-fold was there for other OA. Crystal formation was observed in all samples except microwave dried. Microwave drying was found the best method in terms of nutrient retention may be due to the requirement of a relatively shorter drying time. Mango leather is a traditional snack product with high nutritional value. The in-depth vitamins and mineral composition is studied in different processing methods along with its microstructural changes that may take place in different drying processes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Name: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Name: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Partial replacement of fishmeal with corn protein concentrate in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on growth performance, physiometabolic responses, and fillet quality was written by Hosseini Shekarabi, Seyed Pezhman;Shamsaie Mehrgan, Mehdi;Banavreh, Akbar;Foroudi, Farhad. And the article was included in Aquaculture Research in 2021.Formula: C18H32CaN2O10 This article mentions the following:

An 8-wk feeding trial was run to investigate the replacement of fishmeal with corn protein concentrate (CPC; Empyreal) in rainbow trou (100.5 ± 2.3 g) diet. Fishmeal was increasingly replaced with 0 (Control), 30 (CPC3), 60 (CPC6), 90 (CPC9) and 120 (CPC12) g/kg CPC. The results showed that the substitution of fishmeal with CPC up to 90 g/kg did not cause significant differences in the growth indexes as compared to the control group, while further replacement resulted in the reduction of the growth performance. The fillet crude protein showed no significant difference between the control diet and diets containing up to 90 g/kg CPC (p > .05). Serum biochem. parameters such as albumin and glucose did not change notably, while the highest levels of alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were seen in the CPC12 group (p < .05). Also, serum lysozyme activity was increased with the elevation of dietary CPC up to 90 g/kg (p < .05). The redness and yellowness of the fillet were markedly elevated with the dietary incorporation of CPC (p < .05). Taken together, the optimum range of fishmeal substitution with CPC was 81.0-82.2 g/kg CPC in rainbow diet based on the broken-line regression anal. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Formula: C18H32CaN2O10).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Formula: C18H32CaN2O10

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

High dietary starch impairs intestinal health and microbiota of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides was written by Zhou, Yue-Lang;He, Guang-Lun;Jin, Tao;Chen, Yong-Jun;Dai, Fang-Yin;Luo, Li;Lin, Shi-Mei. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2021.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

This study focused on the effects of starch levels on growth performance, intestinal dysbiosis and health of Micropterus salmoides. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing different corn starch levels (5%, 10%, 15%) were fed to exptl. fish (initial body weight: 8.66 ± 0.04g) for 8 wk, resp. The results showed that the 15% starch levels suppressed the growth, decreased the height and width of villus and number of goblet cell in midgut compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, plasma endotoxin (PE) and diamine oxidase (DAO) increased significantly with dietary starch levels (P < 0.05). Notably, 15% starch diets up-regulated the expression of Claudin-1 and down-regulated the expression of ZO-1, Claudin-4 and Claudin-5 in intestine (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, fish fed 15% starch diets decreased antioxidant enzyme mRNA levels (Nrf2, CAT and SOD) and activities (SOD and CAT) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). The increased dietary starch levels upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-1β and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β1) (P < 0.05). Addnl., the abundance of intestinal probiotics (such as Lactobacillus) decreased with the increase of dietary starch level (P < 0.05), while abundance of intestinal potentially pathogenic bacteria (such as Brevundimonas and Ralstonia) increased (P < 0.05). Fish fed 15% starch diet had less concentrations of acetate and butyrate in intestinal digesta than the 5% starch group (P < 0.05). These results suggested that 15% starch diets would impair the intestinal health, suppress immune and antioxidant capacity and finally reduced growth of Micropterus salmoides. The imbalances in intestinal microbiota and the reduced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) may be partly responsible for the loss of intestinal function. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

High-level expression and optimization of pantoate-β-alanine ligase in Bacillus megaterium for the enhanced biocatalytic production of D-pantothenic acid was written by Tadi, Subbi Rami Reddy;Nehru, Ganesh;Limaye, Anil Mukund;Sivaprakasam, Senthilkumar. And the article was included in Journal of Food Science and Technology (New Delhi, India) in 2022.Name: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

D-Pantothenic acid (DPA), also known as vitamin B₅ is associated with several biol. functions and its deficiency causes metabolic and energetic disorders in humans. Fortification of foods with DPA is the viable option to address this risk. DPA biol. production route employs pantoate-β-alanine ligase (PBL) as the key enzyme, which avoids the tedious and time-consuming optical resolution process. The selection of an efficient PBL enzyme is vital for the biol. production of DPA. In this study, the panC gene encoding PBL from Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Bacillus subtilis was expressed in B. megaterium. B. subtilis derived panC exhibited high PBL activity 61.62 ± 2.15 U/mL. Co-expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pckA) did not improve the DPA production in B. megaterium. Biocatalytic fed-batch fermentation with externally supplemented precursor substrates (D-pantoic acid and β-alanine) improved DPA titer to 45.56 ± 0.53 g/L. Daily dietary requirements of DPA for different age groups (including babies, small children, athletes and elderly people) is steadily increasing and the improved DPA production addressed in this study offers advantage for its application in fortification of food products meeting the emerging nutritional demand. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Name: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Name: Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts