Tag: 400-500

Biotin and Zn²⁺ Increase Xylitol Production by Candida tropicalis was written by Muneeswaran, Gurusamy;Patel, Sanjay K. S.;Kondaveeti, Sanath;Shanmugam, Ramasamy;Gopinath, Krishnasamy;Kumar, Virendra;Kim, Sang-Yong;Lee, Jung-Kul;Kalia, Vipin Chandra;Kim, In-Won. And the article was included in Indian Journal of Microbiology in 2021.COA of Formula: C18H32CaN2O10 This article mentions the following:

In this study, the medium requirements to increase the production of xylitol by using Candida tropicalis (CT) have been investigated. The technique of single addition or omission of medium components was applied to determine the nutritional requirements. The addition of amino acids such as Asp, Glu, Gln, Asn, Thr, and Gly had no significant effect on CT growth. However, in the absence of other metal ions, there was a higher concentration of cell growth and xylitol production when only Zn2+ was present in the medium. The anal. of various vitamins unveiled that biotin and thiamine were the only vitamins required for the growth of CT. Surprisingly, when only biotin was present in the medium as a vitamin, there was less growth of CT than when the medium was complete, but the amount of xylitol released was significantly higher. Overall, this study will increase the xylitol production using the single omission or addtion technique. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6COA of Formula: C18H32CaN2O10).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.COA of Formula: C18H32CaN2O10

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effect of Pandanus tectorius extract as food additive on oxidative stress, immune status, and disease resistance in Cyprinus carpio was written by Cheng, Chi;Park, Se Chang;Giri, Sib Sankar. And the article was included in Fish & Shellfish Immunology in 2022.Reference of 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

The present study investigated the effect of Pandanus tectorius (PT) extract on Cyprinus carpio growth, antioxidant capacity, immunol. and oxidative stress, immune-related gene expression, and resistance against pathogen challenge. Fish (average weight: 12.18 ± 0.32 g) were fed with diets containing various concentration (g kg^-1) of PT extract: 0 g (basal diet), 5 g [PT5], 10 g [PT10], 20 g [PT20], and 30 g [PT30] for 8 wk. Our results revealed an increase (p < 0.05) in the final weight gain only in the PT20 (63.12 ± 1.4 g) group. Activity of liver antioxidant parameters such as catalase (CAT) (27.67 ± 1.12 U mg protein^-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (13.17 ± 0.428 U mg protein^-1), and glutathione peroxidase (GP_x) (47.14 ± 1.47 U mg protein^-1) was highest in the PT20 group. Among the serum immunol. parameters examined, lysozyme (37.45 ± 0.67 U mL-1), alternative complement pathway (133.22 ± 1.92 U mL^-1), and phagocytic activities (25.68 ± 0.93%) were high (p < 0.05) in PT20, whereas there was no significant effect on serum Ig or total protein levels, compared to the control. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were found to be lower (p < 0.05) in the PT20 and PT30 groups than those in the control. However, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the PT20 and PT30 groups. Gene expression anal. revealed that mRNA expressions of antioxidant genes (SOD, CAT, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) genes were significantly upregulated in the PT10 – PT30 groups, except for the SOD gene in PT10. Conversely, the signalling mol. NF-κBp65 was downregulated in PT20 and PT30. Expression of Toll-like receptor 22 (TLR22) and hepcidin was significantly upregulated in PT20 and PT30, resp. Fish in the PT20 group exhibited highest relative post-challenge survival (70.37%) against Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. The results of the present study suggest that dietary supplementation of P. tectorius extract at 20 g kg^-1 can significantly improve weight gain, serum antioxidant parameters, strengthen immunity, and increase the disease resistance of C. carpio. Therefore, P. tectorius extract could be exploited for its use as a food additive in aquaculture. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Reference of 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Reference of 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effects of dietary vitamin E on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus was written by Zhang, Guan-Rong;Xu, Chao;You, Cui-Hong;Wang, Shu-Qi;Xie, Di-Zhi;Hasan, A. K. M. Munzurul;Ma, Yong-Cai;Li, Yuan-You. And the article was included in Aquaculture Nutrition in 2021.Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10 This article mentions the following:

In order to investigate the dietary requirement of Trachinotus ovatus for vitamin E (VE) and its effects on tissue polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reservation, a 56-day feeding trial was performed with five diets (D1-D5) supplemented with different levels of VE at 34.56, 47.35, 61.16, 91.06 and 144.88 mg VE/kg diet. A total of 375 fish (initial weight 13.40 ± 0.08 g) were randomly distributed equally into 15 sea cages and each diet in triplicate cages. After 8 wk of feeding, fish fed diet D3 exhibited significantly higher weight gain (WG), serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and also had higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-3 PUFA contents in the raw muscle than those of fish fed diets D1 and D5 (p < .05). Moreover, n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA contents in cooked muscle of D3 and D4 groups were significantly higher than those of other groups (p < .05). Besides, the contents of hepatic arachidonic acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, DHA, n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA in fish of D3 and D4 groups were also significantly higher than those of D1 group (p < .05). Correspondingly, the transcript levels of genes related to PUFA β-oxidation (cpt1 and pparα) and synthesis (fas and elovl5) were lower in D3 and D4 groups. Based on regression anal. for WG, the optimum dietary VE level was 90.75 mg/kg, which was consistent with the above results that fish fed diets D3 and D4 displayed better growth performance, antioxidant capacity and muscle PUFA stability, where the last suggesting an effect of dietary VE against PUFA β-oxidation In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Towards defining optimal dietary protein levels for male and female sub-adult Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis reared in earthen ponds: Performances, nutrient composition and metabolism, antioxidant capacity and immunity was written by Zhu, Shaicheng;Long, Xiaowen;Turchini, Giovanni M.;Deng, Deng;Cheng, Yongxu;Wu, Xugan. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2021.Safety of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is a widely farmed and economically important aquaculture species. However, species-specific knowledge about appropriate dietary protein requirements is limited to juveniles, cultured in exptl. like conditions: indoors and in clear water. Previous studies have also focused primarily only on growth performance and tissue proximate composition, but little is known about the physiol. responses and immunity status of crabs fed with different amounts of dietary protein. Accordingly, this study aimed at assessing the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance, nutrient composition, nutrient metabolism and physiol. response, in sub-adult animals reared in (com.-like) earthen ponds until harvesting size and gonad maturation. The diets had a graded protein inclusion (278, 323, 352, 391 and 420 g kg-1) and a bell-shaped trend was seen in the performance of all crabs in ponds. Regression anal. provided an estimate of ∼384 g kg-1 dietary protein for maximal growth for female animals. Interestingly, female crabs fed the diets with medium protein levels (352-391 g kg-1) also subjected the lower oxidative stress. Whereas the growth performance of male crabs did not show any plateauing and continued to increase with addnl. dietary protein. Increasing dietary protein levels had the following effects: (i) improved the activity of amino acid metabolism-related enzymes in the hepatopancreas and decreased the triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) content in serum and hepatopancreas in both sex; (ii) decreased the activity of enzymes associated with hepatic damage; (iii) decreased the anti-oxidative enzyme activities as well as the content of protein and lipid oxidation products of male crabs. These results suggest that suitable protein levels in the diets improve overall growth performance by increasing protein deposition and reducing lipid deposition and damage in the hepatopancreas, as well as reducing tissue oxidative stress. In conclusion, the optimal dietary protein levels for male and female sub-adult crabs reared in earthen ponds are different: they are 385 g kg-1 for females, and at least 420 g kg-1 for males. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Safety of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Safety of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Optimization of dietary pyridoxine improved growth performance, hematological indices, antioxidant capacity, intestinal enzyme activity, non-specific immune response, and liver pyridoxine concentration of fingerling major carp Catla catla (Hamilton) was written by Khan, Younis Mohd;Khan, Mukhtar A.. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2021.SDS of cas: 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

The current research work was undertaken to evaluate the requirement of fingerling Catla catla (3.7 ± 0.5 g) for dietary pyridoxine. Triplicate groups of fingerling were fed casein-gelatin based iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric diets (350 g/kg Crude Protein; 16.72 Kj/g Gross Energy) containing eight different levels of pyridoxine (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/kg diet) to satiation for 16 wk. All the growth parameters were pos. affected by increasing concentrations of dietary pyridoxine up to 4 mg/kg diet. Erythrocyte (RBC), hematocrit (Ht), Hb (Hb), alanine (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were significantly (P < 0.05) affected and increased up to 4 mg pyridoxine per kg diet. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were found to be highest in fish fed basal diet which decreased with the increase of dietary pyridoxine up to 4 mg/kg whereas, liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased with incremental levels of dietary pyridoxine up to 4 mg/kg diet. Intestinal protease, amylase and lipase activities significantly (P < 0.05) increased as the amounts of dietary pyridoxine increased up to 4 mg/kg and then leveled off. Fish fed 4 mg/kg pyridoxine reflected significantly higher (P < 0.05) lysozyme, tissue serum protein and alk. phosphatase activities than fish fed the pyridoxine-deficient diets. However, liver saturation was achieved in fish fed 8 mg pyridoxine per kg diet. Broken-line regression anal. of growth parameters, RNA/DNA ratio, SOD, protease, lysozyme and the liver pyridoxine concentration data against varying levels of dietary pyridoxine indicated the requirement in the range of 3.20-6.87 mg/kg. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6SDS of cas: 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.SDS of cas: 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Feeding an acetate-based oral electrolyte reduces the ex vivo Escherichia coli growth potential in the abomasum of calves fed oral electrolytes alone or 30 minutes following a milk feeding when compared to feeding a bicarbonate-based oral electrolyte was written by Kasl, B. A.;Machado, V. S.;Henniger, M. T.;Myer, P. R.;Ballou, M. A.. And the article was included in Journal of Dairy Science in 2022.Quality Control of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

Oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are a common, on-farm therapy to reestablish hydration and electrolyte balances in scouring and stressed calves. The objectives were to determine the effects of OES alkalinizing agent and the presence of a milk replacer feeding before OES administration on the abomasal environment in healthy Holstein calves. Abomasum cannulation was performed on 16 Holstein bull calves at 5 d of age. One calf was removed from the study before the calves were randomly assigned to treatments at 9 d of age. Treatments were arranged as a 2-by-2 factorial, with the following factors: oral electrolyte alkalinizing agent acetate (A) or bicarbonate (B)and liquid meal type milk replacer (MR) + OES (MR-A, MR-B), or OES only (OES-A, OES-B). The OES differed only by alkalinizing agent. On d 9, calves assigned to MR-A (n = 4) or MR-B (n = 4) received their morning MR aliquot 0.5 h before feeding 2 L of OES; the OES-A (n = 3) and OES-B (n = 4) treatment groups were fed 2 L of OES only. Peripheral blood samples and postprandial abomasal fluid samples were collected to assess abomasal pH, abomasal emptying rate (AER), and ex vivo abomasal Escherichia coli growth potential. Postprandial pH was greater in calves fed MR or B-based OES. Abomasal emptying rate was slower in calves receiving MR + OES, regardless of the alkalinizing agent. Ex vivo E. coli colony-forming unit counts were greater in calves fed either MR + OES or bicarbonate-based OES. Supplementing bicarbonate OES in addition to MR alters abomasal dynamics and may promote E. coli growth in postprandial abomasal fluid, partially due to sustained elevations in gastric pH and delayed gastric emptying rates. The OES containing sodium acetate limited ex vivo E. coli growth potential in abomasal fluid, thereby potentially reducing the risk of addnl. enteric bacterial complications associated with OES therapy. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Quality Control of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Quality Control of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hard gelatine capsules: DEM supported experimental study of particle arrangement effect on properties and vibrational transport behavior was written by Jezerska, Lucie;Prokes, Rostislav;Gelnar, Daniel;Zegzulka, Jiri. And the article was included in Powder Technology in 2022.Safety of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

Hard gelatine capsules remain a relevant dosage form for today′s pharmaceutical manufacturing A wide range of color and print options supports marketing, brand image and patient loyalty. However, the filling of these capsules with various modern dosage forms and combinations thereof may affect their further processing. Therefore, a detailed study was carried out to assess the effect of mech.-phys. properties on the behavior of differently filled hard gelatine capsules. Capsules filled with powder, free or fixed particles presenting drug microforms and also hard gelatine capsules themselves were evaluated. Basic mech.-phys. characterization was performed on all samples. Furthermore, their transport on the vibrating conveyor was assessed and simulated using DEM. The results showed a significant influence mainly by the degree of capsule imbalance, i.e., the arrangement of particles in the capsule. It was found that the hard gelatine capsules showed an average of 15.6° lower values for the effective angle of internal friction compared to the powd. vitamin mixture, and in parallel, an average of 14.7° lower values for the static angle of repose were also recorded. The results of the experiments on the vibrating conveyor at a frequency setting of 15 Hz showed three times longer transport time for the vitamin mixture compared to the capsules. Increasing the frequency evened out these differences. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Safety of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Safety of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dietary gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation increases food intake, influences the expression of feeding-related genes and improves digestion and growth of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) was written by Zhang, Cong;Wang, Xiaodan;Su, Ruiying;He, Jiaqi;Liu, Shubin;Huang, Qincheng;Qin, Chuanjie;Zhang, Meiling;Qin, Jianguang;Chen, Liqiao. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2022.Related Products of 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

Animal growth performance is determined by food intake, digestion and nutrient absorption and the complex central and peripheral nerves may regulate the quantity of food intake. This study evaluates the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplements in purified diets on the growth performance, food intake and digestive ability of juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, and the possible mechanism of neuromodulation. A total of 1200 juvenile crabs (0.77 ± 0.02 g) were fed with six diets supplemented with graded GABA levels (0, 40, 80, 160, 320 and 640 mg/kg dry matter) for 8 wk. Each diet group had five replicates, and each replicate had 40 crabs in a tank (100 x 80 x 60 cm). The weight gain, specific growth rate, molting frequency, and the activities of digestion (α-amylase, trypsin and lipase) and absorption (Na+-K+-ATPase and γ- glutamyl transferase) enzymes were significantly increased by moderate dietary GABA supplementation compared with the 0 mg/kg GABA supplementation group. Furthermore, the food intake of juvenile E. sinensis was significantly increased with moderate dietary GABA supplementation compared with the 0 mg/kg GABA supplementation group. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of the orexigenic neural signal-related genes was significantly up-regulated, and the anorexigenic neural signal-related genes were significantly down-regulated in the cranial ganglia, thoracic ganglia and intestine tissues. Meanwhile, the expressions of the main genes involved in taste modulation and reward regulation were significantly up-regulated, whereas the expression of genes related to punishment regulation was significantly down-regulated in cranial ganglia and thoracic ganglia. Two-slope broken-line regression anal. of specific growth rate and weight gain against the dietary GABA levels showed that dietary GABA at the optimal dietary level was 84-89 mg/kg, and this level can improve growth performance, food intake, digestion and absorption in juvenile E. sinensis. GABA might act as an orexigenic neural signal or work with other appetite-related nerve signals to promote food intake by participating in regulating the satiety circuit and the reward circuit. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Related Products of 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Related Products of 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

High-carbohydrate diet altered conversion of metabolites, and deteriorated health in juvenile largemouth bass was written by Zhao, Liulan;Liao, Lei;Tang, Xiaohong;Liang, Ji;Liu, Qiao;Luo, Wei;Adam, Ahmed Abdi;Luo, Jie;Li, Zhiqiong;Yang, Song;Rahimnejad, Samad. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2022.COA of Formula: C18H32CaN2O10 This article mentions the following:

To explore the effects of dietary carbohydrate level on nutrients metabolism, largemouth bass juveniles (initial weight, 4.0 ± 0.2 g) were fed three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing 9.66% (L), 14.32% (M) or 19.11% (H) carbohydrate for 8 wk. The lowest weight gain (15.75 ± 0.76 g) was observed in group H. Feeding high carbohydrate diet (HCD) led to increased pyruvate (PA), lactic acid (LD), triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acids (NEFA) levels in plasma. Also, HCD enhanced vacuolation, glycogen granule and lipid accumulation in fish liver. Activities of hepatic glycolysis enzymes such as hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase did not significantly differ among treatments (P > 0.05). HCD resulted in enhancement of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and lipase (LPS) activities, and increased glycogen and triglyceride (TG) concentrations Similarly, expression of glucose and lipid metabolism related genes such as glycogen phosphorylase (PYG) and carnitine palmitoyl transferases (CPT1, CPT2) were up-regulated with increasing carbohydrate level. Hepatic catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were decreased in HCD group. UPLC-MS metabolomics revealed that glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant defense system were influenced by dietary carbohydrate level. HCD raised the accumulation of carbohydrate metabolites (phosphohydroxypyruvic acid), unsaturated fatty acids (19(R)-HETE, 9(S)-HPOT, alpha-Linolenic acid and oleic acid), cholesterol, and antioxidant functional substance (oxidized glutathione). Addnl., these differential metabolites were enriched in the metabolic pathways such as galactose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, primary bile acid biosynthesis, cholesterol-butyrate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, serine and threonine metabolism Overall, our results revealed the details of metabolites conversion in juvenile largemouth bass fed HCD. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6COA of Formula: C18H32CaN2O10).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.COA of Formula: C18H32CaN2O10

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effect of dietary phosphorus on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant activities and lipid metabolism of juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) was written by Lei, Yong;Sun, Yanfang;Wang, Xiaodan;Lin, Zhideng;Bu, Xianyong;Wang, Nan;Du, Zhenyu;Qin, Jianguang;Chen, Liqiao. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2021.Application In Synthesis of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

This study investigated the effects of dietary phosphorus (P) on growth, body composition, antioxidant activities and lipid metabolism of juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Six diets containing available P levels at 0.20%, 0.44%, 0.99%, 1.37%, 1.75% and 2.01% were prepared and fed to juvenile E. sinensis (0.38 ± 0.01 g) for 56 days. The weight gain, specific growth rate and molting frequency were markedly affected by dietary P, and the highest weight gain and specific growth rate were obtained in crabs fed the 0.99% available P diet. With increasing the dietary available P levels, the whole-body ash, Ca, and P contents, as well as the hepatopancreas and serum P contents increased, while the whole-body Mg content decreased. The increase of dietary P levels significantly decreased the lipid contents of whole-body, hepatopancreas and muscle, while increased the crude protein content of hepatopancreas. The hepatopancreas and serum alk. phosphatase activities increased with an increase in dietary available P levels from 0.20% to 1.37%, and then decreased afterward. The crabs fed 1.37% available P diet had a markedly higher alk. phosphatase activity than those fed 0.20%, 0.44% and 2.01% available P diets. Moreover, dietary P significantly affected total antioxidant capacity, the activities of total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and the malondialdehyde content in the hepatopancreas. The highest antioxidant activity and lowest malondialdehyde content in the hepatopancreas were found in the crabs fed 1.37% of available P in the diet. The relative mRNA expression showed that dietary P reduced hepatopancreas lipid accumulation might be produced through suppressing the genes related to lipid synthesis and promoting the genes related to lipid transport. This study demonstrates that optimum dietary P could enhance growth, antioxidant capacity and reduce hepatopancreatic lipid accumulation in juvenile E. sinensis and the range of available P in the diet is suggested to be 1.16%-1.51%. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Application In Synthesis of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Application In Synthesis of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts