Tag: 300-400

Characterization of calcium lactate prepared from butter clam Saxidomus purpuratus shell powder was written by Yoon, In Seoung;Lee, Gyoon-Woo;Lee, hYun Ji;Park, Sung Hwan;Park, Sun Young;Lee, Su Gwang;Kim, Jin-Soo;Heu, Min Soo. And the article was included in Hanguk Susan Kwahak Hoeji in 2016.Application In Synthesis of Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate This article mentions the following:

To facilitate the effective use of butter clam shell as a natural calcium resource, we determined the optimal conditions for calcium lactate (BCCL) preparation with high solubility using response surface methodol. (RSM). The polynomial models developed by RSM for pH, solubility and yield were highly effective in describing the relationships between factors (P<0.05). Increased molar ratios of calcined powder (BCCP) from butter clam shell led to reduced solubility, yield, color values and overall quality. The critical values of multiple response optimization to independent variables were 1.75 M and 0.94 M for lactic acid and BCCP, resp. The actual values (pH 7.23, 97.42% for solubility and 423.22% for yield) under optimization conditions were similar to the predicted values. White indexes of BCCLs were in the range of 86.70-90.86. Therefore, organic acid treatment improved color value. The buffering capacity of BCCLs was strong, at pH 2.82 to 3.80, upon the addition of less than 2 mL of 1 N HCl. The calcium content and solubility of BCCLs were 6.2-16.7 g/100 g and 93.6-98.5%, resp. Fourier transform anal. of IR spectroscopy data identified BCCL as calcium lactate pentahydrate, and the anal. of microstructure by field emission SEM revealed an irregular form. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate (cas: 5743-47-5Application In Synthesis of Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate).

Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate (cas: 5743-47-5) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Application In Synthesis of Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

1,2-Diketones as photoinitiators of both cationic and free-radical photopolymerization under UV (392 nm) or Blue (455 nm) LEDs was written by Zhang, Jing;Wang, Shuhui;Lalevee, Jacques;Morlet-Savary, Fabrice;Lam, Elizabeth S.-H.;Graff, Bernadette;Liu, Jing;Xing, Feiyue;Xiao, Pu. And the article was included in Journal of Polymer Science (Hoboken, NJ, United States) in 2020.Application In Synthesis of ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) This article mentions the following:

The photoinitiation abilities of three 1,2-diketones [i.e., acenaphthenequinone (ANPQ), aceanthrenequinone (AATQ), and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PANQ)]-based photoinitiating systems [PISs, with additives such as iodonium salt, N-vinylcarbazole (NVK), tertiary amine, and phenacyl bromide (R-Br)] for cationic photopolymerization and free-radical photopolymerization under the irradiation of UV (UV; 392 nm) or blue (455 nm) light-emitting diode (LED) bulb are investigated. All 1,2-diketones studied exhibit ground state absorption that match with the emission spectra of UV (392 nm) or blue LED (455 nm) better than that of the well-known blue-light-sensitive photoinitiator camphorquinone (CQ). In particular, AATQ/iodonium salt/NVK can show high photoinitiating ability (with epoxide conversion yield >70%) under the UV light irradiation due to the effect of NVK. In addition, 1,2-diketone/iodonium salt (and optional NVK) systems are capable of initiating free-radical photopolymerization of methacrylates, with conversions of 50-58%. Furthermore, some 1,2-diketone/tertiary amine (and optional R-Br) combinations are found to demonstrate high efficiency to initiate free-radical photopolymerization, and 71% of methacrylate conversion can be achieved with PANQ/tertiary amine/R-Br PIS. Some 1,2-ketone-based PISs can even exhibit higher efficiency than the CQ-based systems. The photochem. mechanism of the radical generation from the 1,2-diketone-based PISs is investigated and consistent with the related photopolymerization efficiency. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Application In Synthesis of ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Application In Synthesis of ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ospemifene for the treatment of menopausal vaginal dryness, a symptom of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause was written by Archer, David F.;Simon, James A.;Portman, David J.;Goldstein, Steven R.;Goldstein, Irwin. And the article was included in Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism in 2019.SDS of cas: 128607-22-7 This article mentions the following:

: Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), a component of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause, is a progressive condition due to decline in estrogen leading to vaginal and vulvar epithelial changes. Accompanying symptoms of dryness, irritation, burning, dysuria, and/or dyspareunia have a neg. impact on quality of life. Ospemifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) approved by the FDA for moderate to severe dyspareunia and vaginal dryness due to postmenopausal VVA.: PubMed was searched from inception to March 2019 with keywords ospemifene and vulvar vaginal atrophy to review preclin. and clin. data describing the safety and efficacy of ospemifene for vaginal dryness and dyspareunia due to VVA. Covered topics include efficacy of ospemifene on vaginal cell populations, vaginal pH, and most bothersome VVA symptoms; imaging studies of vulvar and vaginal tissues; effects on sexual function; and safety of ospemifene on endometrium, cardiovascular system, and breast.: Ospemifene is significantly more effective than placebo in all efficacy analyses studied, working through estrogen receptors and possibly androgen receptors. Safety as assessed by adverse events was generally comparable to that with placebo and to other SERMs, and/or adverse events were not clin. meaningful. No cases of endometrial or breast cancer were reported. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7SDS of cas: 128607-22-7).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.SDS of cas: 128607-22-7

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ospemifene 12-month safety and efficacy in postmenopausal women with vulvar and vaginal atrophy was written by Goldstein, S. R.;Bachmann, G. A.;Koninckx, P. R.;Lin, V. H.;Portman, D. J.;Ylikorkala, O.. And the article was included in Climacteric in 2014.Quality Control of (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol This article mentions the following:

Objective: Assessment of 12-mo safety of ospemifene 60 mg/day for treatment of postmenopausal women with vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA). Methods: In this 52-wk, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, women 40-80 years with VVA and an intact uterus were randomized 6 : 1 to ospemifene 60 mg/day or placebo. The primary objective was 12-mo safety, particularly endometrial; 12-wk efficacy was assessed. Safety assessments included endometrial histol. and thickness, and breast and gynecol. examinations Efficacy evaluations included changes from baseline to week 12 in percentage of superficial and parabasal cells and vaginal pH. Results: Of 426 randomized subjects, 81.9% (n =349) completed the study with adverse events the most common reason for discontinuation (ospemifene 9.5%; placebo 3.9%). Most (88%) treatment-emergent adverse events with ospemifene were considered mild or moderate. Three cases (1.0%) of active proliferation were observed in the ospemifene group. For one, active proliferation was seen at end of study week 52, and diagnosed as simple hyperplasia without atypia on follow-up biopsy 3 mo after the last dose. This subsequently resolved with progestogen treatment and dilatation and curettage. In six subjects (five ospemifene (1.4%), one placebo (1.6%)) endometrial polyps were found (histopathol.); however, only one (ospemifene) was confirmed as a true polyp during addnl. expert review. Endometrial histol. showed no evidence of carcinoma. Statistically significant improvements were seen for all primary and secondary efficacy measures and were sustained through week 52 with ospemifene vs. placebo. Conclusions: The findings of this 52-wk study confirm the tolerance and efficacy of oral ospemifene previously reported in short- and long-term studies. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Quality Control of (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Quality Control of (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Research progress on the selective estrogen receptor modulators was written by Ding, Hao;Yang, Fan;Cai, Yi;Chai, Xiaoyun;Wu, Qiuye. And the article was included in Yaoxue Shijian Zazhi in 2016.Application of 128607-22-7 This article mentions the following:

Breast cancer had become the main malignant tumors which posed a serious threat to women’s health. Selective estrogen receptor modulators, which served as the effective drug treatment, had been attracting more attention. Present research progress on the selective estrogen receptor modulators was summarized in this paper. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Application of 128607-22-7).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O鈥旽 bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Application of 128607-22-7

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Impact of gastric pH and dietary fiber on calcium availability of various calcium salts was written by Weerapol, Yotsanan;Cheewatanakornkool, Kamonrak;Sriamornsak, Pornsak. And the article was included in Silpakorn University Science and Technology Journal in 2010.Related Products of 5743-47-5 This article mentions the following:

The objective of this study was to compare calcium release and ionization from com. calcium supplements and various salts of calcium with different solubilities. The impact of pH of test fluid and dietary fiber co-administered with calcium supplement on calcium availability was also studied. Compressed tablets of six different calcium salts were prepared by direct compression. Calcium release from tablets was tested in simulated gastric fluid without pepsin (SGF, pH 1.2) or fed state simulated gastric fluid (FSSGF, pH 4.8), using USP dissolution apparatus The ionized calcium concentration in test fluid was determined by calcium ion selective electrode. The results demonstrated that most of the formulations released calcium within 1 h. Tablets made of higher solubility calcium salts demonstrated a faster calcium release. The calcium release from calcium hydrogen phosphate and calcium carbonate tablets in gastric fluid with higher pH showed a slower calcium release than in SGF. The dietary fiber co-administered with calcium supplement influenced the calcium availability, especially in medium with higher pH. The results suggested that most of the calcium salts could be used as calcium supplement. However, the use of calcium carbonate required an acidic environment in order to be dissolved in the gastrointestinal tract. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate (cas: 5743-47-5Related Products of 5743-47-5).

Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate (cas: 5743-47-5) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Related Products of 5743-47-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Venlafaxine-loaded sustained-release poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-itaconic acid) hydrogel composites: their synthesis and in vitro/in vivo attributes was written by Ali, Liaqat;Ahmad, Mahmood;Aamir, Muhammad Naeem;Minhas, Muhammad Usman;Rasul, Akhtar;Yousuf, Muhammad;Hussain, Hina;Khan, Jawad Ahmad;Sohail, Muhammad. And the article was included in Iranian Polymer Journal in 2019.Name: ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) This article mentions the following:

Hydrogels have potential applications as sustained-release drug delivery systems, as an example in treatment of major depressive disorders. This paper reports some works carried out to obtain a new type of copolymeric hydrogel for an anti-depressant drug. The copolymerization of itaconic acid, hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and tetraethyleneglycol dimethacrylate was performed. The gels were evaluated for swelling, diffusion coefficient, drug incorporation, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo performance in rabbits after oral administration. The pharmacokinetic parameters like bioavailability, C_max and T_max were calculated for hydrogels in comparison to oral solution containing equivalent amount of venlafaxine. The HEMA-based matrixes showed negligible swelling and release rate of venlafaxine, which were also very low in a buffer of pH 1.2. However, both the swelling and release rate of venlafaxine were faster at high pH (6.5 and 7.5). The T_max of the formulation with the highest swelling and release rate (T₁) were found at 600 min compared to that at 180 min for oral solution having equivalent quantity of venlafaxine. However, C_max for oral cross-linked hydrogel composite was significantly lower than that for equivalent amount of oral drug solution The synthesized hydrogel composites showed a promising ability for sustained release of venlafaxine both in vitro and in vivo. It was found that venlafaxine delivery through oral route was practical. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Name: ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Name: ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Meta-Terphenyls as versatile fluorescent molecular sensors for monitoring the progress of hybrid polymerization processes was written by Tomal, Wiktoria;Szymaszek, Patryk;Bilut, Magdalena;Popielarz, Roman;Swiergosz, Tomasz;Ortyl, Joanna. And the article was included in Polymer Chemistry in 2022.Electric Literature of C16H26O7 This article mentions the following:

Herein, the performance of a series of 2-amino-4,6-diphenylbenzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile derivatives in the role of fluorescent mol. sensors for monitoring progress of various photopolymerization processes by the Fluorescence Probe Technique (FPT) has been evaluated. It was found that all of the derivatives studied, except for the one containing a nitro substituent in its structure, showed high enough sensitivity and stability to be applied as versatile sensors for both cationic and free-radical polymerization processes. Next, the applicability of the sensors was applied for study of hybrid polymerization processes (i.e., both cationic and free radical polymerization reactions occurring simultaneously). The hybrid photopolymerization of pure glycidyl methacrylate (GlyMA) and the mixtures of GlyMA with 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxy-cyclohexanecarboxylate (CADE), or CADE with trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) was studied. It was found that during the hybrid photopolymerization of CADE/TMPTA mixtures, each monomer polymerized independently to form an interpenetrated polymer network (IPN). On the other hand, hybrid photopolymerization of GlyMA/CADE mixtures leads to a copolymer, where final functional group conversions are higher than those achievable by the corresponding photopolymerizations of pure GlyMA and CADE monomers. The use of m-terphenyl sensors allows for real-time monitoring of various hybrid polymerization processes and provides key information on the processes, which was not previously possible. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Electric Literature of C16H26O7).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O鈥旽 bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Electric Literature of C16H26O7

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts