Tag: 300-400

Cyclical electrical stimulation of hydrogel microactuators employing parylene-N coated electrodes was written by Saunders, Joseph Ryan C.;Moussa, Walied A.. And the article was included in Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems in 2014.Reference of 109-17-1 This article mentions the following:

This work presents the cyclical actuation of elec. field sensitive microscale hydrogels employing dielec. coated coplanar electrodes. Microscale hydrogels are photopolymerized in-situ, and AC frequency-based actuation combined with pulse width modulation enabled controlled manipulation of hydrogel deformation. Stable actuation cycles are achieved with applied elec. potentials from 20 V_pk-pk to 40 V_pk-pk, with a maximum true strain of 29 % and a min. rise time of 4.7 s. The peak and trough osmotic pressure for each system’s cycle is also anal. determined, with a peak pressure at 40 V_pk-pk of 201.1 ± 38.3 kPa. A plateau in the peak-to-trough true strain is observed above 30 V_pk-pk. For comparative purposes a system without dielec. coated electrodes and employing external syringe pumps is also examined, and stable cyclical actuation was achieved for applied elec. potentials of 5 V_pk-pk and 10 V_pk-pk. For this system the maximum stable rise time, true strain, and osmotic pressure are 8.1 s, 57 %, and 429.2 ± 81.9 kPa, resp. The difference between the two systems highlights how optimization of the dielec. layer’s thickness and uniformity can further enhance actuation performance. The electronically responsive hydrogel-based cyclical actuator developed within this work could be further employed for microfluidic regulation in portable low-power systems. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Reference of 109-17-1).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Reference of 109-17-1

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

A study of non-isothermal decomposition of calcium DL-lactate pentahydrate was written by Verma, B. P.;Verma, R. K.;Chandra, M.;Pandey, S.;Mallick, A. K.;Verma, Lata. And the article was included in Asian Journal of Chemistry in 1994.Quality Control of Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate This article mentions the following:

The thermal decomposition of calcium DL-lactate pentahydrate has been studied under non-isothermal conditions in static air atm. with heating rate programmed at 1/6 Ks^-1. The thermogravimetric data thus obtained have been analyzed for the kinetic parameters of the two decomposition steps using Freeman-Carrol, Horowitz-Metzer, Coats Redfern, Fuoss, Karkhanawala-Dharwadkar and Zsako methods. Decomposition mechanisms have also been suggested. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate (cas: 5743-47-5Quality Control of Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate).

Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate (cas: 5743-47-5) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Quality Control of Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

A virion-based assay for glycoprotein thermostability reveals key determinants of filovirus entry and its inhibition was written by Bortz, Robert H. III;Wong, Anthony C.;Grodus, Michael G.;Recht, Hannah S.;Pulanco, Marc C.;Lasso, Gorka;Anthony, Simon J.;Mittler, Eva;Jangra, Rohit K.;Chandran, Kartik. And the article was included in Journal of Virology in 2020.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Ebola virus (EBOV) entry into cells is mediated by its spike glycoprotein (GP). Following attachment and internalization, virions traffic to late endosomes where GP is cleaved by host cysteine proteases. Cleaved GP then binds its cellular receptor, Niemann-Pick C1. In response to an unknown cellular trigger, GP undergoes conformational rearrangements that drive fusion of viral and endosomal membranes. The temperature-dependent stability (thermostability) of the prefusion conformers of class I viral fusion glycoproteins, including those of filovirus GPs, has provided insights into their propensity to undergo fusion-related rearrangements. However, previously described assays have relied on soluble glycoprotein ectodomains. Here, we developed a simple ELISA (ELISA)-based assay that uses the temperature-dependent loss of conformational epitopes to measure thermostability of GP embedded in viral membranes. The base and glycan cap subdomains of all filovirus GPs tested suffered a concerted loss of prefusion conformation at elevated temperatures but did so at different temperature ranges, indicating virus-specific differences in thermostability. Despite these differences, all of these GPs displayed reduced thermostability upon cleavage to GP conformers (GPCL). Surprisingly, acid pH enhanced, rather than decreased, GP thermostability, suggesting it could enhance viral survival in hostile endo/lysosomal compartments. Finally, we confirmed and extended previous findings that some small-mol. inhibitors of filovirus entry destabilize EBOV GP and uncovered evidence that the most potent inhibitors act through multiple mechanisms. We establish the epitope-loss ELISA as a useful tool for studies of filovirus entry, engineering of GP variants with enhanced stability for use in vaccine development, and discovery of new stability-modulating antivirals. IMPORTANCE The development of Ebola virus countermeasures is challenged by our limited understanding of cell entry, especially at the step of membrane fusion. The surface-exposed viral protein, GP, mediates membrane fusion and undergoes major structural rearrangements during this process. The stability of GP at elevated temperatures (thermostability) can provide insights into its capacity to undergo these rearrangements. Here, we describe a new assay that uses GP-specific antibodies to measure GP thermostability under a variety of conditions relevant to viral entry. We show that proteolytic cleavage and acid pH have significant effects on GP thermostability that shed light on their resp. roles in viral entry. We also show that the assay can be used to study how small-mol. entry inhibitors affect GP stability. This work provides a simple and readily accessible assay to engineer stabilized GP variants for antiviral vaccines and to discover and improve drugs that act by modulating GP stability. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effect of monomer type on the C=C degree of conversion, water sorption and solubility, and color stability of model dental composites was written by Fonseca, Andrea Soares Q. S.;Labruna Moreira, Allana Dutra;de Albuquerque, Pedro Paulo A. C.;de Menezes, Livia Rodrigues;Pfeifer, Carmem S.;Schneider, Luis Felipe J.. And the article was included in Dental Materials in 2017.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

This study has investigated the influence of BisGMA, BisEMA, BisEMA 30, and two UDMA-based monomers (UDMA and Fit 852), with TEGDMA as co-monomer, on the degree of conversion, water sorption, water solubility, and optical properties of exptl. dental composites. Materials were formulated at 70/30 molar rations using BisGMA, BisEMA, BisEMA 30, UDMA or FIT 852, as base monomers, combined with TEGDMA. 60 wt% of silanated-glass particles was added. Degree of conversion (DC) and polymerization kinetics were monitored using Fourier-transformed IR spectroscopy in the near-IR range. Water sorption (Wsp) and solubility (Wsl) were assessed using mass variation after 60 days water storage. Color was evaluated using a digital spectrophotometer, applying the CIELab parameters 24 h after dry storage and 60 days after water immersion to calculate ΔE values. All data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test (pre-set alpha = 0.05).The BisGMA-based co-monomer mixture presented the lowest DC (62 ± 1%), whereas BisEMA 30 had the highest DC value (95 ± 2%). The highest Wsp was observed for BisEMA 30 (12.2 ± 0.8%), and the lowest for BisEMA (0.4 ± 0.1%). BisEMA has shown the lowest Wsl (0.03 ± 0.01%) and BisEMA 30 the highest one (0.97 ± 0.1%). The ΔE values showed that BisEMA 30 (7.3 color units) and Fit 852 (3.8 color units) altered the color stability providing ΔE > 3.3, which is considered clin. unacceptable. The chem. composition and structure of the base monomer influenced the degree of conversion, water sorption, water solubility, and color stability. Considering the overall results, it is possible to state that the base monomer BisEMA mixed with the co-monomer TEGDMA presented the best performance in terms of all the parameters tested. The resin matrix composition might influence phys. property degradation processes and color stability of dental resin composites. Formulations based on BisEMA seem most promising for materials’ development. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Astrocytes involved in the neuroprotective effect of estrogen was written by Li, Rui;Hu, Xue-qiang. And the article was included in Zhongguo Shenjing Mianyixue He Shenjingbingxue Zazhi in 2014.Related Products of 128607-22-7 This article mentions the following:

This review with 28 references is given on the roles of astrocytes in neuroprotective effect of estrogen which promotes astrocytes to generate neutroprotective factors and re-uptake glutamic acid via estrogen receptor(ER), thereby inhibiting inflammatory media. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Related Products of 128607-22-7).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Related Products of 128607-22-7

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Design and synthesis of dual-responsive hydrogels based on N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate by copolymerization with N-isopropylacrylamide was written by Orakdogen, Nermin. And the article was included in Macromolecular Research in 2014.Recommanded Product: ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) This article mentions the following:

Copolymeric hydrogels of N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) of various monomer ratios were evaluated as thermo-responsive and pH-responsive systems for the development of controlled-release and targeted-delivery devices. The swelling properties were investigated with different temperature, pH, and monomer feed ratios. The results show that the temperature-dependent and pH-dependent phase transition of poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-N-isopropylacrylamide) (P(DMAEMA-NIPA)) copolymeric hydrogels can be controlled by changing the amount of NIPA units in the network chains. In experiments to determine the temperature-dependent swelling of copolymeric hydrogels in water, it was found that the swelling ratio rapidly decreases as the temperature increases between 35 and 70°C. To characterize the network structure of the copolymeric hydrogels corresponding to effective crosslinking d. and average network chain length, uniaxial compressive mech. testing was carried both after the preparation of hydrogels and after their equilibrium swelling in water. The data obtained demonstrates that the resulting copolymeric hydrogels are promising as materials with tunable hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity and swelling behavior responsive to temperature and pH. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Recommanded Product: ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Recommanded Product: ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Surface characterization of a silicone hydrogel contact lens having bioinspired 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer layer in hydrated state was written by Shi, Xinfeng;Cantu-Crouch, David;Sharma, Vinay;Pruitt, John;Yao, George;Fukazawa, Kyoko;Wu, James Yuliang;Ishihara, Kazuhiko. And the article was included in Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces in 2021.Formula: C16H26O7 This article mentions the following:

A silicone hydrogel contact lens material, with a unique chem. and phys. structure has been designed for long-term ocular performance. Enhancement of this silicone hydrogel contact lens material was achieved through surface modification using a crosslinkable bioinspired 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer, which creates a soft surface gel layer on the silicone hydrogel base material. The surface properties of this MPC polymer-modified lens were characterized under hydrated condition revealing, inter alia, its unique polymer structure, excellent hydrophilicity, lubricity, and flexibility. Anal. of the MPC polymer layer in a hydrated state was performed using a combination of a high-resolution environmental SEM and at. force microscopy. Compared to the silicone hydrogel base material, this surface had a higher captive bubble contact angle, which corresponds to higher hydrophilicity of the surface. In addition, the hydrated MPC polymer layer exhibited an extremely soft surface and reduced the coefficient of friction by more than 80%. These characteristics were attributed to the hydration state of the MPC polymer layer on the surface of the silicone hydrogel base material. Also, interaction force of protein deposition was lowered on the surface. Such superior surface properties are anticipated to contribute to excellent ocular performance. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Formula: C16H26O7).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Formula: C16H26O7

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Invited review: Crystals in cheese: More than a curiosity was written by Kindstedt, Paul S.;Polowsky, Patrick J.. And the article was included in Journal of Dairy Science in 2021.Computed Properties of C6H20CaO11 This article mentions the following:

Scientific interest in cheese crystals extends back more than a century. However, starting around the 1970s, industry interest, and interest on the part of cheese scientists, grew dramatically as changes in cheesemaking technol. and market changes caused the presence of crystals in the marketplace to increase; advanced anal. capabilities enabled new crystalline species to be identified, their origins and causative factors to be elucidated, and their contributions to cheese texture to be better understood. It is now evident that a host of organic- and inorganic-based crystals occur in natural cheeses. Some crystals form preferentially at the surface of rindless or rinded cheeses, others in the irregular openings or spherical eyes that occur within the body of some cheeses, and still others embedded within the cheese matrix. It is also evident that crystals may profoundly influence cheese texture, both as a direct consequence of their abundance, size, shape, and hardness, and as an indirect result of cascading physiochem. events initiated by crystal formation. Consumer response to increased incidence of crystals in the marketplace has been mixed. On the one hand, surface crystals of calcium lactate pentahydrate on Cheddar cheese came to be viewed quite neg. in some markets, often being mistaken for mold growth and spoilage. This triggered industry concern and led to considerable research to determine the underlying causes and to develop strategies to limit or prevent calcium lactate pentahydrate formation. At the same time, other forms of crystallization increasingly came to be viewed as pos. features in the growing market dedicated to artisanal and traditional cheeses, giving rise to a bifurcated consumer response to cheese crystals that is evident today. Traditional artisanal cheesemakers perhaps have the most to gain from advances in cheese-crystal research. Traditional artisanal cheeses rely heavily on stories that are weaved around their identity to create uniqueness and add value. A challenge and opportunity for these cheesemakers in the United States and globally will be to translate the fascinating science of their cheese crystals into engaging narratives that capture the imagination, add value to their cheese, and enhance the enjoyment of their cheese by consumers. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate (cas: 5743-47-5Computed Properties of C6H20CaO11).

Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate (cas: 5743-47-5) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Computed Properties of C6H20CaO11

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Sensitizing effect of polyvinyl monomers on electron beam crosslinking of brominated butyl rubber was written by Xu, Yunshu;Yoshii, Fumio;Makuuchi, Keizo. And the article was included in Huagong Xuebao (Chinese Edition) in 2013.COA of Formula: C16H26O7 This article mentions the following:

Radiation crosslinked product of brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) was achieved by electron beam (EB) irradiation Gelling dose of BIIR was estimated to be 12 kGy. Various polyvinyl monomers were tested to enhance EB crosslinking of BIIR to obtain high crosslinking degree at low dose to avoid main chain degradation under high dose irradiation TMPT (trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate) was the most effective crosslinking sensitizer to increase the crosslink d. of BIIR. The tensile strength of EB crosslinked BIIR was significantly improved by using TMPT as the sensitizer. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1COA of Formula: C16H26O7).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.COA of Formula: C16H26O7

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Equilibrium swelling of biocompatible thermo-responsive copolymer gels was written by Drozdov, Aleksey D.. And the article was included in Gels in 2021.Application In Synthesis of ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) This article mentions the following:

Biomedical applications of thermo-responsive (TR) hydrogels require these materials to be biocompatible, non-cytotoxic, and non-immunogenic. Due to serious concerns regarding potential toxicity of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm), design of alternative homo- and copolymer gels with controllable swelling properties has recently become a hot topic. This study focuses on equilibrium swelling of five potential candidates to replace PNIPAm in biomedical and biotechnol. applications: poly(N-vinylcaprolactam), poly(vinyl Me ether), poly(N, N-dimethyl amino Et methacrylate), and two families of poly(2-oxazoline)s, and poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylates). To evaluate their water uptake properties and to compare them with those of substituted acrylamide gels, a unified model is developed for equilibrium swelling of TR copolymer gels with various types of swelling diagrams. Depending on the strength of hydrophobic interactions (high, intermediate, and low), the (co)polymers under consideration are split into three groups that reveal different responses at and above the volume phase transition temperature In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Application In Synthesis of ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Application In Synthesis of ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts