Category: 97-67-6

Chen, Huan-Huan published the artcileCharacterization of copper-induced-release of exudates by Citrus sinensis roots and their possible roles in copper-tolerance, SDS of cas: 97-67-6, the main research area is Citrus sinensis root copper tolerance characterization; Citrus sinensis; Copper uptake; Copper-tolerance; Root exudates; Root-induced alkalization.

Copper (Cu) excess is often observed in old Citrus orchards. Little information is available on the characterization of Cu-induced-release of root exudates and their possible roles in plant Cu-tolerance. Using sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Xuegan] seedlings as materials, we investigated the impacts of 0, 0.5, 25, 150, 350, 550, 1000, 2000 or 5000 μM CuCl2 (pH 4.8) on Cu uptake, root exudates [malate, citrate, total phenolics (TP), total soluble sugars (TSS) and total free amino acids (TFAA)], electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde, and solution pH under hydroponic conditions; the time-course of root exudates and solution pH in response to Cu; and the impacts of protein synthesis and anion-channel inhibitors, and temperature on Cu-induced-secretion of root exudates and solution pH. About 70% of Cu was accumulated in 0 and 0.5 μM Cu-exposed roots, while over 97% of Cu was accumulated in ≤25 μM Cu-exposed roots. Without Cu, the seedlings could alkalize the solution pH from 4.8 to above 6.0. Cu-stimulated-secretion of root exudates elevated with the increment of Cu concentration from 0 to 1000 μM, then decreased or remained unchanged with the further increment of Cu concentration, while root electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (root-induced alkalization) increased (lessened) with the increment of Cu concentration from 0 to 5000 μM. Further anal. indicated that Cu-stimulated-secretion of root exudates was an energy-dependent process and could repressed by inhibitors, and that there was no discernible delay between the onset of exudate release and the addition of Cu. To conclude, both root-induced alkalization and Cu-stimulated-release of root exudates played a key role in sweet orange Cu-tolerance via increasing root Cu accumulation and reducing Cu uptake and phytotoxicity.

Chemosphere published new progress about Alkalinization. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, SDS of cas: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Lee, Se Hee published the artcileUnraveling microbial fermentation features in kimchi: from classical to meta-omics approaches, Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is Leuconostoc Lactobacillus Weissella fermentation; Fermentation; Genome; Kimchi; Lactic acid bacteria; Lactobacillus; Leuconostoc; Meta-omics approaches; Weissella.

Abstract: Kimchi is a traditional Korean fermented food prepared via spontaneous fermentation by various microorganisms originating from vegetables such as kimchi cabbage, radishes, and garlic. Recent advances in meta-omics approaches that integrate metataxonomics, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics have contributed to explaining and understanding food fermentation processes. Kimchi microbial communities are composed of majorly lactic acid bacteria such as Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Weissella and fewer eukaryotic microorganisms and kimchi fermentation are accomplished by complex microbial metabolisms to produce diverse metabolites such as lactate, acetate, CO2, ethanol, mannitol, amino acids, formate, malate, diacetyl, acetoin, and 2, 3-butanediol, which determine taste, quality, health benefit, and safety of fermented kimchi products. Therefore, in the future, kimchi researches should be systematically performed using the meta-omics approaches to understand complex microbial metabolisms during kimchi fermentation Key points: · Spontaneous fermentation by raw material microbes gives kimchi its unique flavor. · The kimchi microbiome is altered by environmental factors and raw materials. · Through the multi-omics approaches, it is possible to accurately analyze the diversity and metabolic characteristics of kimchi microbiome and discover potential functionalities.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology published new progress about Allium sativum. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Lima, Nayana F. published the artcileOral nitazoxanide treatment of experimental neurocysticercosis induces gluconeogenesis in Taenia crassiceps cysticerci, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is nitazoxanide antiprotozoal agent oral drug delivery gluconeogenesis Taenia neurocysticercosis; Experimental neurocysticercosis; Fatty acids oxidation; Metabolism; Nitazoxanide; Taenia crassiceps.

Neurocysticercosis is the most frequent helminthiasis of the central nervous system and is caused by the presence of Taenia solium cysticerci. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an antifolate containing the pyrrolopyrimidine-based nucleus that exerts its antiprotozoal activity due to interference with the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) enzyme which is essential to anaerobic energy metabolism The aim of this work was to determine the effect of NTZ on the energetic metabolism of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci intracranially inoculated BALB /c mice. The infected animals were treated with a single oral dose of NTZ 30 days after the inoculation. Anal. of the organic acids was performed through high performance liquid chromatog. Glucose was detected only in the treated groups, alongside with a significant decrease in lactate, pyruvate and oxaloacetate concentrations which indicate an increase in gluconeogenesis. The non-detection of alpha-ketoglutarate indicated the use of the fumarate reductase pathway in all groups. It was possible to confirm the drugs mode of action due to the non-detection of acetate in the treated groups. There was an increase in the fatty acids oxidation Therefore it was possible to observe that NTZ induces gluconeogenesis as well as the increase of alternative energetic pathways such as fatty acids oxidation in T. crassiceps cysticerci.

Acta Tropica published new progress about Gluconeogenesis. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Kamarauskaite, Justina published the artcileIncreased succinate accumulation induces ROS generation in in vivo ischemia/reperfusion-affected rat kidney mitochondria, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is rotenone renoprotectant cytochrome c kidney ischemia.

Mitochondria are recognized as main reactive oxygen species (ROS) producers, involving ROS generation by mitochondrial complexes I and III. Lately, the focus has been shifting to the ROS generation by complex II. Contribution of complex II (SDH) to ROS generation still remains debatable, espectaly in in vivo settings. Moreover, it is not completely defined at what time of ischemia the first alterations in mitochondria and the cell begin, which is espectaly important with renal arterial clamping in vivo during kidney surgery, as it predicts the postischemic kidney function. The aim of this study on an in vivo rat kidney ischemia/reperfusion model was to determine if there is a connection among (a) duration of kidney ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction and (b) succinate dehydrogenase activity, succinate accumulation, and ROS generation in mitochondria at low and satg succinate concentrations Our results point out that mitochondrial disturbances can occur even after 30 min of kidney ischemia/reperfusion in vivo and increase progressively with the prolonged time of ischemia; accumulation of succinate in cytosol after ischemia/reperfusion correlated with increased H2O2 generation mediated by complex II, which was most noticeable with physiol. succinate concentrations; and ischemia/reperfusion induced cell necrosis, indicated by the changes in LDH activity. In conclusion, our new findings on the accumulation of succinate in cytosol and changes in SDH activity during kidney ischemia/reperfusion may be important for energy production after reperfusion, when complex I activity is suppressed. On the other hand, an increased activity of succinate dehydrogenase is associated with the increased ROS generation, espectaly with physiol. succinate concentrations All these observations play an important role in understanding the mechanisms which occur in the early phase of ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo and may provide new ideas for novel therapeutic approaches or injury prevention; therefore, more detailed studies are necessary in the future.

BioMed Research International published new progress about Kidney ischemia. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Fracassetti, Daniela published the artcileProduction of melatonin and other tryptophan derivatives by Oenococcus oeni under winery and laboratory scale, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is Oenococcus red wine melatonin tryptophan food safety; Malolactic fermentation; Melatonin; Oenococcus oeni; Tryptophan ethyl ester; Wine.

Malolactic fermentation (MLF) in Valtellina Superiore DOCG red wine was monitored in 4 cellars and the final products were analyzed to determine the content of melatonin (MEL) and other tryptophan (TRP) derivatives, including tryptophan Et ester (TEE) and MEL isomers (MISs), and to isolate predominant O. oeni strains. MEL and TEE significantly increased in wines after MLF from two cellars out of four. Six strains were isolated during the MLF of red wines and under laboratory scale, in rich and synthetic wine cultural media, together with other four O. oeni strains able to trigger the MLF. Results showed that the presence of stressful growth factors, like ethanol and acid pH, has a pivotal role in triggering the release of TEE by oenococci. Indeed, all the strains became capable to produce also MEL and MISs, together with TEE. under harsh growth conditions, as in a synthetic wine medium. The production of these compounds was strain-dependent and a maximum amount of 0.0078 ± 0.0023 ngT/mL (UMB472) and 619.85 ± 196.16 ngT/mL (UMB436) of MEL and TEE was obtained, resp. In particular, different MISs were detected under oenol. and laboratory scale suggesting that other factors (i.e. technol. and/or physico-chem.) could affect the synthesis of TRP derivatives

Food Microbiology published new progress about Oenococcus oeni. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Kawasaki, Akitomo published the artcileManipulating exudate composition from root apices shapes the microbiome throughout the root system, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is composition apices shape microbiome throughout root system.

Certain soil microorganisms can improve plant growth, and practices that encourage their proliferation around the roots can boost production and reduce reliance on agrochems. The beneficial effects of the microbial inoculants currently used in agriculture are inconsistent or short-lived because their persistence in soil and on roots is often poor. A complementary approach could use root exudates to recruit beneficial microbes directly from the soil and encourage inoculant proliferation. However, it is unclear whether the release of common organic metabolites can alter the root microbiome in a consistent manner and if so, how those changes vary throughout the whole root system. In this study, we altered the expression of transporters from the ALUMINUM-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER and the MULTIDRUG AND TOXIC Compound EXTRUSION families in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and tested how the subsequent release of their substrates (simple organic anions, including malate, citrate, and γ-amino butyric acid) from root apices affected the root microbiomes. We demonstrate that these exudate compounds, sep. and in combination, significantly altered microbiome composition throughout the root system. However, the root type (seminal or nodal), position along the roots (apex or base), and soil type had a greater influence on microbiome structure than the exudates. These results reveal that the root microbiomes of important cereal species can be manipulated by altering the composition of root exudates, and support ongoing attempts to improve plant production by manipulating the root microbiome.

Plant Physiology published new progress about Acidimicrobiia. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Guan, Tianyue published the artcileSpore Powder of Paecilomyces hepiali Shapes Gut Microbiota to Relieve Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6, the main research area is Paecilomyces fatigue gut microbiota spore powder; Paecilomyces hepiali; anti-fatigue; functional food; gut microbiota; spore.

Paecilomyces hepiali, a fungal strain isolated from natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis, contains similar pharmacol. active components, has been used widely as a substitute of O. sinensis in functional food and medicine. However, the components and anti-fatigue effects of P.hepiali spores and their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Here, we compared the chem. composition in P.hepiali spore (HPS) and mycelium (HPM) by liquid chromatog. with tandem mass spectrometry anal. We found 85 metabolites with significant differences, and HPS contains more L-Malic acid, Oxalacetic acid, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and L-Arginine than HPM. Then we evaluated their anti-fatigue effects and regulatory effects on the gut microbiota in mice. The forced swimming time (SW) was only significantly increased in HPS groups: the high and low dose of the HPS group was 101% and 72% longer than the control group, resp. Both HPS and HPM treatment decreased lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatine kinase while increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the blood. Moreover, mice treated with HPS and HPM showed less skeletal muscle fiber spacing and breakage. The relative abundance of Alistips, Eubacterium, Bacterium, Parasutterella, and Olsenella in the gut microbiota of the HPS group was higher than that in the HPM group through 16S rRNA gene sequencing anal. These changes may be related to the regulation of nucleotide, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism Correlation anal. between the gut microbiota and fatigue-related indicators suggested that Alistips, Clostridium, Akkermansia, Olsenella, and Lactobacillus were pos. correlated with the SW and LDH content. Our findings demonstrated that HPS has beneficial anti-fatigue effects by regulating gut microbiota.

Nutrients published new progress about Actinobacteria. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Sharma, Mahima published the artcileBacopa monnieri attenuates glutamate-induced nociception and brain mitochondrial toxicity in Zebrafish, COA of Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is Bacopa Danio glutamate nociception brain mitochondrial toxicity apoptosis; Apoptosis; Bacopa monnieri; Brain; Glutamate; Mitochondria; Zebrafish.

Bacopa monnieri L.(BM; Family: Scrophulariaceae), commonly known as Brahmi, is traditionally used as a nootropic agent. BM also exhibits significant analgesic activity in exptl. models of pain. However, the effect of Bacopa monnieri against glutamate-induced nociception in zebrafish is yet to be explored in exptl. condition. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of BM against glutamate-induced nociception and brain mitochondrial toxicity in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). BM at 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL was administered to adult zebrafish and after half an hour glutamate was injected through i.m. route of administration. Indomethacin was used as standard drug. After behavioral anal., the fish were euthanized and the brain was isolated and stored for further biochem. anal. BM (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) and indomethacin significantly attenuated the glutamate-induced increase in number of line crossing compared to control group animals. Addnl., BM (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) and indomethacin significantly reduced the glutamate induced increase in cytosolic calcium level. Further, there was a substantial improvement in mitochondrial function, integrity and bioenergetics in term of respiratory control rate and ADP/O in zebrafish brain. Moreover, BM (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) and indomethacin significantly reduced the glutamate-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in zebrafish brain. Therefore, BM could be a potential alternative drug candidate in the management of pain.

Metabolic Brain Disease published new progress about Acute toxicity. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, COA of Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zhu, Hu published the artcileIdentification of Activators of Human Fumarate Hydratase by Quantitative High-Throughput Screening, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is fumarate hydratase antioxidant hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell cancer; automation; enzyme assays; enzyme kinetics; fluorescence methods; robotics; ultra-high-throughput screening.

Fumarate hydratase (FH) is a metabolic enzyme that is part of the Krebs cycle and reversibly catalyzes the hydration of fumarate to malate. Mutations of the FH gene have been associated with fumarate hydratase deficiency (FHD), hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC), and other diseases. Currently, there are no high-quality small-mol. probes for studying human FH. To address this, we developed a quant. high-throughput screening (qHTS) FH assay and screened a total of 57,037 compounds from inhouse libraries in dose-response. While no inhibitors of FH were confirmed, a series of phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidine-diones were identified as activators of human FH. These compounds were not substrates of FH, were inactive in a malate dehydrogenase counterscreen, and showed no detectable reduction-oxidation activity. The binding of two compounds from the series to human FH was confirmed by microscale thermophoresis. The low hit rate in this screening campaign confirmed that FH is a “”tough target”” to modulate, and the small-mol. activators of human FH reported here may serve as a starting point for further optimization and development into cellular probes of human FH and potential drug candidates.

SLAS Discovery published new progress about Enzyme kinetics. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Swain, Alaka published the artcileMorphophysiological alterations in transgenic rice lines expressing PPDK and ME genes from the C4 model Setaria italica, Computed Properties of 97-67-6, the main research area is Setaria transgenic plant morphophysiol alteration PPDK ME; Chlorophyll fluorescence; Electron transport rate; Malic enzyme; Nonphotochemical quenching; Photosynthetic rate; Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase; Stomatal conductance.

To evaluate the effect of C4 enzymes in rice, we developed transgenic rice lines by sep. introducing Setaria italica PPDK [SiPPDK] and S. italica ME [SiME] gene constructs under the control of the green tissue-specific maize PPDK promoter. Rice plant lines for both constructs were screened using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern hybridization, and expression anal. The results from qRT-PCR and enzyme activity anal. revealed higher expression and activity of both PPDK and NADP-ME genes compared with the nontransformed and empty-vector-transformed plants. The average photosynthetic efficiency of transgenic plant lines carrying the PPDK and NADP-ME genes increased by 18% and 12%, resp., and was pos. correlated with the increased accumulation of photosynthetic pigment. The decrease in Fv/Fm, increased electron transport rate (ETR), and increased photochem. quenching (qP) compared with nontransformed control plants suggest that transgenic rice plants transferred more absorbed light energy to photochem. reactions than wild-type plants. SiME-transgenic plants displayed reduced leaf malate content and superior performance under water deficit conditions. Interestingly, the transgenic plants showed yield enhancement by exhibiting increased plant height, panicle length, panicle weight and thousand grain weight Overall, the exogenous foxtail millet C4 gene PPDK enhanced photosynthesis and yield to a greater extent than NADP-ME.

Journal of Plant Physiology published new progress about Cell morphology. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Computed Properties of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts