Category: 97-67-6

Fall, Fanta published the artcileMetabolic reprograming of LPS-stimulated human lung macrophages involves tryptophan metabolism and the aspartate-arginosuccinate shunt, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is LM tryptophan metabolism lipopolysaccharide aspartate arginosuccinate metabolic reprogramming.

The objective of the present work was to characterize the metabolic alterations occurring during the exptl. M1 LM polarization. Human LM were obtained from resected lungs and cultured for 24 h in medium alone or with 10 ng.mL-1 lipopolysaccharide. Cells and culture supernatants were subjected to extraction for metabolomic anal. with high-resolution LC-MS (HILIC and reverse phase -RP- chromatog. in both neg. and pos. ionization modes) and GC-MS. The data were analyzed with R and the Worklow4Metabolomics and MetaboAnalyst online infrastructures. A total of 8,741 and 4,356 features were detected in the intracellular and extracellular content, resp., after the filtering steps. Pathway anal. showed involvement of arachidonic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and Krebs cycle in the response of LM to LPS, which was confirmed by the specific quantitation of selected compounds This refined anal. highlighted a regulation of the kynurenin pathway as well as the serotonin biosynthesis pathway, and an involvement of aspartate-arginosuccinate shunt in the malate production Macrophages M1 polarization is accompanied by changes in the cell metabolome, with the differential expression of metabolites involved in the promotion and regulation of inflammation and antimicrobial activity. The anal. of this macrophage immunometabolome may be of interest for the understanding of the pathophysiol. of lung inflammatory disesases.

PLoS One published new progress about Homo sapiens. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Miklas, Jason W. published the artcileAmino acid primed mTOR activity is essential for heart regeneration, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is heart disease regeneration mTOR amino acid; Biological sciences; Cell biology; Tissue Engineering.

Heart disease is the leading cause of death with no method to repair damaged myocardium due to the limited proliferative capacity of adult cardiomyocytes. Curiously, mouse neonates and zebrafish can regenerate their hearts via cardiomyocyte de-differentiation and proliferation. However, a mol. mechanism of why these cardiomyocytes can re-enter cell cycle is poorly understood. Here, we identify a unique metabolic state that primes adult zebrafish and neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes to proliferate. Zebrafish and neonatal mouse hearts display elevated glutamine levels, predisposing them to amino-acid-driven activation of TOR, and that TOR activation is required for zebrafish cardiomyocyte regeneration in vivo. Through a multi-omics approach with cellular validation we identify metabolic and mitochondrial changes during the first week of regeneration. These data suggest that regeneration of zebrafish myocardium is driven by metabolic remodeling and reveals a unique metabolic regulator, TOR-primed state, in which zebrafish and mammalian cardiomyocytes are regeneration competent.

iScience published new progress about Amino acids Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Pichaud, Nicolas published the artcileAdjustments of cardiac mitochondrial phenotype in a warmer thermal habitat is associated with oxidative stress in European perch, Perca fluviatilis, Quality Control of 97-67-6, the main research area is pyruvate malate mitochondria climate change oxidative stress Perca.

Mitochondria are playing key roles in setting the thermal limits of fish, but how these organelles participate in selection mechanisms during extreme thermal events associated with climate warming in natural populations is unclear. Here, we investigated the thermal effects on mitochondrial metabolism, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial gene expression in cardiac tissues of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) collected from an artificially heated ecosystem, the “”Biotest enclosure””, and an adjacent reference area in the Baltic sea with normal temperatures (∼ 23°C and ∼ 16°C, resp., at the time of capture in summer). Fish were sampled one month after a heat wave that caused the Biotest temperatures to peak at ∼ 31.5°C, causing significant mortality. When assayed at 23°C, Biotest perch maintained high mitochondrial capacities, while reference perch displayed depressed mitochondrial functions relative to measurements at 16°C. Moreover, mitochondrial gene expression of nd4 (mitochondrial subunit of complex I) was higher in Biotest fish, likely explaining the increased respiration rates observed in this population. Nonetheless, cardiac tissue from Biotest perch displayed higher levels of oxidative damage, which may have resulted from their chronically warm habitat, as well as the extreme temperatures encountered during the preceding summer heat wave. We conclude that eurythermal fish such as perch are able to adjust and maintain mitochondrial capacities of highly aerobic organs such as the heart when exposed to a warming environment as predicted with climate change. However, this might come at the expense of exacerbated oxidative stress, potentially threatening performance in nature.

Scientific Reports published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), PRP (Properties), BIOL (Biological Study) (cytb). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Quality Control of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Gao, Xindi published the artcileCryptococcal Hsf3 controls intramitochondrial ROS homeostasis by regulating the respiratory process, HPLC of Formula: 97-67-6, the main research area is Hsf3 ROS unfolded protein response electron transfer Cryptococcus.

Mitochondrial quality control prevents accumulation of intramitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS), thereby protecting cells against DNA damage, genome instability, and programmed cell death. However, underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood, particularly in fungal species. Here, we show that Cryptococcus neoformans heat shock factor 3 (CnHsf3) exhibits an atypical function in regulating mtROS independent of the unfolded protein response. CnHsf3 acts in nuclei and mitochondria, and nuclear- and mitochondrial-targeting signals are required for its organelle-specific functions. It represses the expression of genes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle while promoting expression of genes involved in electron transfer chain. In addition, CnHsf3 responds to multiple intramitochondrial stresses; this response is mediated by oxidation of the cysteine residue on its DNA binding domain, which enhances DNA binding. Our results reveal a function of HSF proteins in regulating mtROS homeostasis that is independent of the unfolded protein response.

Nature Communications published new progress about Animal gene, SOD1 Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), PRP (Properties), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, HPLC of Formula: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Evans, Heather M. published the artcileRestraint of fumarate accrual by HIF-1α preserves miR-27a-mediated limitation of interleukin 10 during infection of macrophages by Histoplasma capsulatum, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is HIF1alpha mir27a IL10 macrophages Histoplasma; Histoplasma; hypoxia inducible factor 1; innate immunity; lung; mitochondrial metabolism.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) regulates the immunometabolic phenotype of macrophages, including the orchestration of inflammatory and antimicrobial processes. Macrophages deficient in HIF-1α produce excessive quantities of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) during infection with the intracellular fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum. Thus, the macrophage fails to become activated in response to proinflammatory cytokines and remains the intracellular niche of the pathogen. Here, we identify the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolite fumarate as the driver of IL-10 during macrophage infection with H. capsulatum in the absence of HIF-1α. Accumulation of fumarate reduced expression of a HIF-1α-dependent microRNA (miRNA), miR-27a, known to mediate decay of Il10 mRNA. Inhibition of fumarate accrual in vivo limited IL-10 and fungal growth. Our data demonstrate the critical role of HIF-1α in shaping appropriate TCA cycle activity in response to infection and highlight the consequences of a dysregulated immunometabolic response.

mBio published new progress about Glucose transporter 1 Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Puzakova, L. V. published the artcileTissue Specificity of the AqE Gene Activity in the Yellow Croaker Larimichthys crocea, HPLC of Formula: 97-67-6, the main research area is sulfolactate dehydrogenase AqE Larimichthys transcriptional activity.

Abstract: The study of the diversity of metabolic pathways is an important aspect for understanding the evolutionary relationships between metabolic pathways and their biochem. precursors. Recently, researchers described a sulfolactate dehydrogenase-like protein encoded in eukaryotes by the AqE gene, which remains highly conserved in teleosts. However, the metabolic role of this enzyme is still unknown. In the present work, we studied the transcriptional activity of the AqE gene, as well as other genes associated with energy exchange in the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. The quant. anal. of expression showed the tissue specificity of the AqE gene activity in the yellow croaker. The gene is active in the liver, skin, and gills. The anal. of gene expression in various organs and under the influence of stressful conditions suggests that the enzyme encoded by the AqE gene is involved in the malate-aspartate shuttle or in the excretion of the final metabolites (sulfolactate) from the organism.

Russian Journal of Genetics published new progress about Gill. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, HPLC of Formula: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Neinast, Michael D. published the artcileQuantitative Analysis of the Whole-Body Metabolic Fate of Branched-Chain Amino Acids, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is cardiac skeletal muscle branched chain amino acid oxidation insulin; branched chain amino acids; insulin resistance; obesity; stable isotope tracing.

Elevations in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) associate with numerous systemic diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and heart failure. However, an integrated understanding of whole-body BCAA metabolism remains lacking. Here, we employ in vivo isotopic tracing to systemically quantify BCAA oxidation in healthy and insulin-resistant mice. We find that most tissues rapidly oxidize BCAAs into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, with the greatest quantity occurring in muscle, brown fat, liver, kidneys, and heart. Notably, pancreas supplies 20% of its TCA carbons from BCAAs. Genetic and pharmacol. suppression of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase, a clin. targeted regulatory kinase, induces BCAA oxidation primarily in skeletal muscle of healthy mice. While insulin acutely increases BCAA oxidation in cardiac and skeletal muscle, chronically insulin-resistant mice show blunted BCAA oxidation in adipose tissues and liver, shifting BCAA oxidation toward muscle. Together, this work provides a quant. framework for understanding systemic BCAA oxidation in health and insulin resistance.

Cell Metabolism published new progress about Blood plasma. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Wakasugi, Takayuki published the artcileRole of smooth muscle cell p53 in pulmonary arterial hypertension, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is smooth muscle cell pulmonary arterial hypertension p53.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by remodeling and narrowing of the pulmonary arteries, which lead to elevation of right ventricular pressure, heart failure, and death. Proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is thought to be central to the pathogenesis of PAH, although the underlying mechanisms are still being explored. The protein p53 is involved in cell cycle coordination, DNA repair, apoptosis, and cellular senescence, but its role in pulmonary hypertension (PH) is not fully known. We developed a mouse model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) and found significant reduction of p53 expression in the lungs. Our in vitro experiments with metabolomic analyses and the Seahorse XF extracellular flux analyzer indicated that suppression of p53 expression in PASMCs led to upregulation of glycolysis and downregulation of mitochondrial respiration, suggesting a proliferative phenotype resembling that of cancer cells. It was previously shown that systemic genetic depletion of p53 in a murine PH model led to more severe lung manifestations. Lack of information about the role of cell-specific p53 signaling promoted us to investigate it in our mouse PH model with the inducible Cre-loxP system. We generated a mouse model with SMC-specific gain or loss of p53 function by crossing Myh11-Cre/ERT2 mice with floxed Mdm4 mice or floxed Trp53 mice. After these animals were exposed to hypoxia for 4 wk, we conducted hemodynamic and echocardiog. studies. Surprisingly, the severity of PH was similar in both groups of mice and there were no differences between the genotypes. Our findings in these mice indicate that activation or suppression of p53 signaling in SMCs has a minor role in the pathogenesis of PH and suggest that p53 signaling in other cells (endothelial cells, immune cells, or fibroblasts) may be involved in the progression of this condition.

PLoS One published new progress about Cardiovascular system. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Cavicchioli, Valeria Quintana published the artcilePhysiological and molecular insights of bacteriocin production by Enterococcus hirae ST57ACC from Brazilian artisanal cheese, SDS of cas: 97-67-6, the main research area is Enterococcus hirae physiol bacteriocin production Brazilian artisanal cheese; ABC transporter; Enterococcus hirae; bacteriocin; cytotoxicity.

The bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus hirae ST57ACC recently isolated from a Brazilian artisanal cheese was subjected here to addnl. analyses in order to evaluate its bacteriocin production and the potential influence of ABC transporter system in its expression. Besides these physiol. and mol. aspects, the bacteriocin was evaluated for its cytotoxicity against HT-29. Differences in the inoculum size had no impact on the growth of E. hirae ST57ACC; however, the bacteriocin was only produced after 9 h of growth when the strain was inoculated at 5% or 10% (volume/volume), with similar levels of bacteriocin production obtained by both conventional growth and batch fermentation Furthermore, potential expression of ABC transporters corresponding to the bacteriocin transport and sugar metabolism was identified. In terms of adverse effects, when a semi-purified fraction of the bacteriocin and the cell-free supernatant were tested against HT-29, total cell viability was similar to observed on untreated cells, indicating the absence of cytotoxic effect. Based on the obtained results, E. hirae ST57ACC can produce its bacteriocin at industrial level by using bioreactors, its bacteriocin expression is potentially influenced by the ABC transporter system, and no cytotoxic effects were observed on HT-29 cells, indicating its potential use as a bio-preservative.

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology published new progress about Bacteriocins Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, SDS of cas: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Charton, Lennart published the artcilePlant peroxisomal solute transporter proteins, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is review peroxisomal membrane ABC transporter.

Plant peroxisomes are unique subcellular organelles which play an indispensable role in several key metabolic pathways, including fatty acid β-oxidation, photorespiration, and degradation of reactive oxygen species. The compartmentalization of metabolic pathways into peroxisomes is a strategy for organizing the metabolic network and improving pathway efficiency. An important prerequisite, however, is the exchange of metabolites between peroxisomes and other cell compartments. Since the first studies in the 1970s scientists contributed to understanding how solutes enter or leave this organelle. This review gives an overview about our current knowledge of the solute permeability of peroxisomal membranes described in plants, yeast, mammals and other eukaryotes. In general, peroxisomes contain in their bilayer membrane specific transporters for hydrophobic fatty acids (ABC transporter) and large cofactor mols. (carrier for ATP, NAD and CoA). Smaller solutes with mol. masses below 300-400 Da, like the organic acids malate, oxaloacetate, and 2-oxoglutarate, are shuttled via non-selective channels across the peroxisomal membrane. In comparison to yeast, human, mammals and other eukaryotes, the function of these known peroxisomal transporters and channels in plants are discussed in this review.

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology published new progress about Homo sapiens. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts