Category: 97-67-6

Vanherwegen, An-Sofie published the artcileVitamin D controls the capacity of human dendritic cells to induce functional regulatory T cells by regulation of glucose metabolism, Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is vitamin D human DCs T cell glucose metabolism regulation; 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3); Dendritic cells; Immunometabolism; PFKFB4; Regulatory T cells; Tolerogenicity.

Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) instruct regulatory T cells (Tregs) to dampen autoimmunity. Active vitamin D3 (1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; 1a,25(OH)2D3) imprints human monocyte-derived DCs with tolerogenic properties by reprogramming their glucose metabolism Here we identify the glycolytic enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4) as a critical checkpoint and direct transcriptional target of 1a,25(OH)2D3 in determining the tolDC profile. Using tracer metabolomics, we show that PFKFB4 activity is essential for glucose metabolism, especially for glucose oxidation, which is elevated upon 1a,25(OH)2D3 exposure. Pharmacol. inhibition of PFKFB4 reversed the 1a,25(OH)2D3-mediated shift in metabolism, DC profile and function, as determined by expression of inhibitory surface markers and secretion of regulatory cytokines and factors. Moreover, PFKFB4 inhibition in 1a,25(OH)2D3-treated DCs blocked their hallmark capacity to induce suppressive Tregs. This work demonstrates that alterations in the bioenergetic metabolism of immune cells are central to the immunomodulatory effects induced by 1a,25(OH)2D3.

Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology published new progress about CD14 antigens Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Liu, Yu published the artcileEffects of Organic Acids on the Release of Fruity Esters in Water: An Insight at the Molecular Level, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6, the main research area is ester organic acid mol interaction hydrogen bond; aroma release; density functional theory; esters; intermolecular interaction; odour detection threshold; organic acids.

It is well known that organic acids (OAs) could affect the flavor of fruit juices and beverages. However, the mol. mechanism of aroma release is still unclear. In this study, the effects of citric acid (CA), L-(-)-malic acid (MA) and L-lactic acid (LA) on the release of six selected esters and their sensory perception were investigated by means of HS-GC-MS analyses and odor detection threshold determination, resp. Meanwhile, the d. functional theory (DFT) calculation was employed to explore the interaction modes between esters and OAs. HS-GC-MS analyses showed that the concentration and the type of OAs regulated the release of esters. The results were basically consistent with the detection threshold change of those esters. The DFT calculation suggested that the main intermol. interaction was hydrogen bonds, and several esters could form a ternary ring structure with OAs through hydrogen bonds. The interactions can induce the different release behaviors of esters in OAs water solution The number of carboxyl functional groups in OAs and the spatial conformation of esters appeared to influence the magnitude of the interaction. The above results demonstrated the mechanism of OAs affecting the release of esters and indicated a possible flavor control way by using different OAs and OA concentrations

Molecules published new progress about Hydrogen bond. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ji, Hongying published the artcileHigh oil accumulation in tuber of yellow nutsedge compared to purple nutsedge is associated with more abundant expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol storage, Quality Control of 97-67-6, the main research area is oil bioaccumulation signaling fatty acid triacylglycerol metabolism tuber Cyperus; Cyperus esculentus; Cyperus rotundus; Fatty acid synthesis; Oil accumulation; RubisCO bypass; Transcriptional control; Triacylglycerol storage; Tuber.

Yellow nutsedge is a unique plant species that can accumulate up to 35% oil of tuber dry weight, perhaps the highest level observed in the tuber tissues of plant kingdom. To gain insight into the mol. mechanism that leads to high oil accumulation in yellow nutsedge, gene expression profiles of oil production pathways involved carbon metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, triacylglycerol synthesis, and triacylglycerol storage during tuber development were compared with purple nutsedge, the closest relative of yellow nutsedge that is poor in oil accumulation. Compared with purple nutsedge, high oil accumulation in yellow nutsedge was associated with significant up-regulation of specific key enzymes of plastidial RubisCO bypass as well as malate and pyruvate metabolism, almost all fatty acid synthesis enzymes, and seed-like oil-body proteins. However, overall transcripts for carbon metabolism toward carbon precursor for fatty acid synthesis were comparable and for triacylglycerol synthesis were similar in both species. Two seed-like master transcription factors ABI3 and WRI1 were found to display similar transcript patterns but were expressed at 6.5- and 14.3-fold higher levels in yellow nutsedge than in purple nutsedge, resp. A weighted gene co-expression network anal. revealed that ABI3 was in strong transcriptional coordination with WRI1 and other key oil-related genes. These results implied that pyruvate availability and fatty acid synthesis in plastid, along with triacylglycerol storage in oil bodies, rather than triacylglycerol synthesis in endoplasmic reticulum, are the major factors responsible for high oil production in tuber of yellow nutsedge, and ABI3 most likely plays a critical role in regulating oil accumulation. This study is of significance with regard to understanding the mol. mechanism controlling carbon partitioning toward oil production in oil-rich tuber and provides a valuable reference for enhancing oil accumulation in non-seed tissues of crops through genetic breeding or metabolic engineering.

Biotechnology for Biofuels published new progress about Bioaccumulation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Quality Control of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dubinin, Mikhail V. published the artcileThe effect of deflazacort treatment on the functioning of skeletal muscle mitochondria in duchenne muscular dystrophy, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6, the main research area is deflazacort antiinflammatory agent skeletal mitochondria duchenne muscular dystrophy; Ca2+ uniporter; Duchenne muscular dystrophy; deflazacort; mitochondria; mitochondrial permeability transition; skeletal muscle.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe hereditary disease caused by a lack of dystrophin, a protein essential for myocyte integrity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is reportedly responsible for DMD. This study examines the effect of glucocorticoid deflazacort on the functioning of the skeletal-muscle mitochondria of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice and WT animals. Deflazacort administration was found to improve mitochondrial respiration of mdx mice due to an increase in the level of ETC complexes (complexes III and IV and ATP synthase), which may contribute to the normalization of ATP levels in the skeletal muscle of mdx animals. Deflazacort treatment improved the rate of Ca2+ uniport in the skeletal muscle mitochondria of mdx mice, presumably by affecting the subunit composition of the calcium uniporter of organelles. At the same time, deflazacort was found to reduce the resistance of skeletal mitochondria to MPT pore opening, which may be associated with a change in the level of ANT2 and CypD. In this case, deflazacort also affected the mitochondria of WT mice. The paper discusses the mechanisms underlying the effect of deflazacort on the functioning of mitochondria and contributing to the improvement of the muscular function of mdx mice.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences published new progress about ADP/ATP translocase ANT2 Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Arakawa, Koichi published the artcileFunctional modulation of liver mitochondria in lipopolysaccharide/drug co-treated rat liver injury model, Computed Properties of 97-67-6, the main research area is liver mitochondria lipopolysaccharide injury rat; Diclofenac; Drug-induced liver injury; Lipopolysaccharide; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial permeability transition.

Drug-induced liver injury is not readily detectable using conventional animal studies during pre-clin. drug development. To address this problem, other researchers have proposed the use of co-administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin produced by gram-neg. bacteria, and a drug. Using this approach, liver injury that is otherwise not detected following drug administration alone can be successfully identified. Previous studies have demonstrated that such injury is suppressed by heparin; therefore, the mechanism may involve coagulation-dependent ischemia. However, it has not been established how LPS-induced ischemia might sensitize hepatocytes to a potentially hepatotoxic drug. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effect of LPS-induced ischemia on liver mitochondrial function and downstream toxicol. responses. Consistent with previous findings, plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) activity was higher in rats co-administered with LPS (1 mg/kg) and diclofenac (100 mg/kg), but reduced by heparin. Liver mRNA expression of Hmox1 encoding heme oxygenase-1, an oxidative stress indicator, was three times higher at 2 h after LPS administration. Furthermore, respiratory activity via mitochondrial complex II, lipid peroxidation in mitochondria, and the susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in response to diclofenac administration were significantly increased by LPS administration. The increase in plasma ALT activity and the sensitization to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening were reduced by the co-administration of heparin. In conclusion, LPS-induced transient ischemia disrupts respiratory chain complex activities, enhances reactive oxygen species production, especially in mitochondria, and sensitizes mitochondria to permeability transition pore opening when testing a potentially hepatotoxic drug in vivo.

Journal of Toxicological Sciences published new progress about Animal gene, CXCL10 Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Computed Properties of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Huang, Sai published the artcileSystematic synthesis of REVO4 micro/nano crystals with selective exposure of high energy {001} facets and luminescence (RE = Lanthanide and Y0.95Eu0.05), Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is lanthanide micro crystals luminescence.

Systematic synthesis of REVO4 nano/microcrystals (RE = La-Lu lanthanides) was performed via hydrothermal reaction under 200°C and pH = 12 for 30 h, and the effects of malate (Mal2-) chelate and lanthanide contraction on phase structure and crystal morphol. were revealed. With RE = Y0.95Eu0.05 as representative, the influence of solution pH, reaction temperature/duration and VO3-4 concentration was also systematically investigated. Mal2- was demonstrated to promote crystallization of phase-pure REVO4 through suppressing RE3+ hydrolysis to form hydroxyl nitrate impurity. The t-REVO4 crystals were identified to be single-crystalline quasi-squares significantly exposed with high energy {001} facets (∼80% coverage for t-LuVO4) owing to the capping effect of Mal2-, and the lateral size of the crystals gradually increased from ∼20 to 850 nm with decreasing RE3+ size from Ce3+ to Lu3+. Aside from structure details and IR response of the full series of REVO4, photoluminescence features were analyzed for RE = Y0.95Eu0.05, Eu, Dy, Er and Tm, and the 600°C calcined (Y0.95Eu0.05).

Journal of Materials Research and Technology published new progress about Hydrolysis. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Cao, Jingsong published the artcilemRNA Therapy Improves Metabolic and Behavioral Abnormalities in a Murine Model of Citrin Deficiency, COA of Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is metabolic behavioral abnormality citrin deficiency mRNA lipid nanoparticle.

Citrin deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in SLC25A13, encoding the liver-specific mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate transporter. It has a broad spectrum of clin. phenotypes, including life-threatening neurol. complications. Conventional protein replacement therapy is not an option for these patients because of drug delivery hurdles, and current gene therapy approaches (e.g., AAV) have been hampered by immunogenicity and genotoxicity. Although dietary approaches have shown some benefits in managing citrin deficiency, the only curative treatment option for these patients is liver transplantation, which is high-risk and associated with long-term complications because of chronic immunosuppression. To develop a new class of therapy for citrin deficiency, codon-optimized mRNA encoding human citrin (hCitrin) was encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). We demonstrate the efficacy of hCitrin-mRNA-LNP therapy in cultured human cells and in a murine model of citrin deficiency that resembles the human condition. Of note, i.v. (i.v.) administration of the hCitrin-mRNA resulted in a significant reduction in (1) hepatic citrulline and blood ammonia levels following oral sucrose challenge and (2) sucrose aversion, hallmarks of hCitrin deficiency. In conclusion, mRNA-LNP therapy could have a significant therapeutic effect on the treatment of citrin deficiency and other mitochondrial enzymopathies with limited treatment options.

Molecular Therapy published new progress about Body weight. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, COA of Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zhou, Cuiyan published the artcileMalate-aspartate shuttle plays an important role in LPS-induced neuroinflammation of mice due to its effect on STAT3 phosphorylation, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is malate aspartate shuttle STAT3 phosphorylation neuroinflammation; aminooxyacetic acid; malate-aspartate shuttle; neuroinflammation; pyruvate; stat3.

Neuroinflammation is a key pathol. factor in numerous neurol. disorders. Cumulating evidence has indicated critical roles of NAD+/NADH metabolism in multiple major diseases, while the role of malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) – a major NADH shuttle – in inflammation has remained unclear. In this study we investigated the roles of MAS in LPS-induced neuroinflammation both in vivo and in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining, Western blot assay and Real-time PCR assays were conducted to determine the activation of Iba-1, the protein levels of iNOS and COX2 and the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in vivo, showing that both pre-treatment and post-treatment of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) – an MAS inhibitor – profoundly decreased the LPS-induced neuroinflammation in mice. BV2 microglia was also used as a cellular model to investigate the mechanisms of this finding, in which such assays as Western blot assay and nitrite assay. Our study further indicated that AOAA produced its effects on LPS-induced microglial activation by its effects on MAS: Pyruvate treatment reversed the effects of AOAA on the cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio, which also restored the LPS-induced activation of the AOAA-treated microglia. Moreover, the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibitor GSK2837808A blocked the effects of pyruvate on the AOAA-produced decreases in both the cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio and LPS-induced microglial activation. Our study has further suggested that AOAA produced inhibition of LPS-induced microglial activation at least partially by decreasing STAT3 phosphorylation. Collectively, our findings have indicated AOAA as a new and effective drug for inhibiting LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Our study has also indicated that MAS is a novel mediator of LPS-induced neuroinflammation due to its capacity to modulate LPS-induced STAT3 phosphorylation, which has further highlighted a critical role of NAD+/ NADH metabolism in inflammation.

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences published new progress about Brain dentate gyrus. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Kononenko, Veno published the artcileGrouping of poorly soluble low (cyto)toxic particles: example with 15 selected nanoparticles and A549 human lung cells, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is lung cell soluble cytotoxic nanoparticle; alveolar type II cells; biopersistent particles; endo-lysosomal organelles; fast screening tools; poorly soluble low toxicity particles (PSLTs).

Poorly soluble, low (cyto)toxic particles (PSLTs) are often regarded as one group, but it is important that these particles can be further differentiated based on their bioactivity. Currently, there are no biol. endpoint based groupings for inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) that would allow us to subgroup PSLTs based on their mode of action. The aim of this study was to group NPs based on their cytotoxicity and by using the in vitro response of the endo-lysosomal system as a biol. endpoint. The endo-lysosomal system is a main cellular loading site for NPs. An impaired endo-lysosomal system in alveolar type II cells may have serious adverse effects on the maintenance of pulmonary surfactant homeostasis. The 15 different NPs were tested with human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. The highly soluble NPs were most cytotoxic. With respect to PSLTs, only three NPs increased the cellular load of acid and phospholipid rich organelles indicating particle biopersistence. All the rest PSLTs could be regarded as low hazardous. The presented in vitro test system could serve as a fast screening tool to group particles according to their ability to interfere with lung surfactant metabolism We discuss the applicability of the suggested test system for bringing together substances with similar modes-of-action on lung epithelium. In addition, we discuss this approach as a benchmark test for the comparative assessment of biopersistence of PSLTs.

Nanomaterials published new progress about Carboxyl group. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Aravamudhan, Sriram published the artcilePhosphoproteomics of the developing heart identifies PERM1 – An outer mitochondrial membrane protein, Quality Control of 97-67-6, the main research area is heart phosphoproteomics mitochondrial membrane protein; Heart development; Lipid metabolism; Mitochondria; PERM1; Phosphoproteomics; SILAC.

Heart development relies on PTMs that control cardiomyocyte proliferation, differentiation and cardiac morphogenesis. We generated a map of phosphorylation sites during the early stages of cardiac postnatal development in mice; we quantified over 10,000 phosphorylation sites and 5000 proteins that were assigned to different pathways. Anal. of mitochondrial proteins led to the identification of PGC-1- and ERR-induced regulator in muscle 1 (PERM1), which is specifically expressed in skeletal muscle and heart tissue and associates with the outer mitochondrial membrane. We demonstrate PERM1 is subject to rapid changes mediated by the UPS through phosphorylation of its PEST motif by casein kinase 2. Ablation of Perm1 in mice results in reduced protein expression of lipin-1 accompanied by accumulation of specific phospholipid species. Isolation of Perm1-deficient mitochondria revealed significant downregulation of mitochondrial transport proteins for amino acids and carnitines, including SLC25A12/13/29/34 and CPT2. Consistently, we observed altered levels of various lipid species, amino acids, and acylcarnitines in Perm1-/- mitochondria. We conclude that the outer mitochondrial membrane protein PERM1 regulates homeostasis of lipid and amino acid metabolites in mitochondria.

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology published new progress about Amino acids Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Quality Control of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts