Category: 97-67-6

Bueno, Maria J. published the artcileEssentiality of fatty acid synthase in the 2D to anchorage-independent growth transition in transforming cells, SDS of cas: 97-67-6, the main research area is embryonic fibroblast breast carcinoma epithelial cell FASN tumor growth.

Upregulation of fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a common event in cancer, although its mechanistic and potential therapeutic roles are not completely understood. In this study, we establish a key role of FASN during transformation. FASN is required for eliciting the anaplerotic shift of the Krebs cycle observed in cancer cells. However, its main role is to consume acetyl-CoA, which unlocks isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-dependent reductive carboxylation, producing the reductive power necessary to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) originated during the switch from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) growth (a necessary hallmark of cancer). Upregulation of FASN elicits the 2D-to-3D switch; however, FASN’s synthetic product palmitate is dispensable for this process since cells satisfy their fatty acid requirements from the media. In vivo, genetic deletion or pharmacol. inhibition of FASN before oncogenic activation prevents tumor development and invasive growth. These results render FASN as a potential target for cancer prevention studies.

Nature Communications published new progress about Antitumor agents. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, SDS of cas: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Slavokhotova, Anna published the artcileTranscriptomic Analysis of Genes Involved in Plant Defense Response to the Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Infection, COA of Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is transcriptome cucumber green mottle mosaic virus infection; CGMMV; RNA-seq; cucumber; disease resistance; plant bioinformatics; plant-virus interaction; stress tolerance.

Plants have evolved a complex multilayered defense system to counteract various invading pathogens during their life cycle. In addition to silencing, considered to be a major mol. defense response against viruses, different signaling pathways activated by phytohormones trigger the expression of secondary metabolites and proteins preventing virus entry and propagation. In this study, we explored the response of cucumber plants to one of the global pathogens, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), which causes severe symptoms on leaves and fruits. The inbred line of Cucumis sativus L., which is highly susceptible to CGMMV, was chosen for inoculation. Transcriptomes of infected plants at the early and late stages of infection were analyzed in comparison with the corresponding transcriptomes of healthy plants using RNA-seq. The changes in the signaling pathways of ethylene and salicylic and jasmonic acids, as well as the differences in silencing response and expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and transcription factors, were revealed. The results show that silencing was strongly suppressed in infected plants, while the salicylic acid and ethylene signaling pathways were induced. The genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins and the genes involved in the jasmonic acid pathway changed their expression insignificantly. It was also found that WRKY and NAC were the most sensitive to CGMMV infection among the transcription factors detected.

Life (Basel, Switzerland) published new progress about Copper transporter CTR1 Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, COA of Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Mateus, Andre published the artcileThe functional proteome landscape of Escherichia coli, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is Escherichia thermal proteome profiling reverse genetics.

Recent developments in high-throughput reverse genetics1,2 have revolutionized our ability to map gene function and interactions3-6. The power of these approaches depends on their ability to identify functionally associated genes, which elicit similar phenotypic changes across several perturbations (chem., environmental or genetic) when knocked out7-9. However, owing to the large number of perturbations, these approaches have been limited to growth or morphol. readouts10. Here we use a high-content biochem. readout, thermal proteome profiling11, to measure the proteome-wide protein abundance and thermal stability in response to 121 genetic perturbations in Escherichia coli. We show that thermal stability, and therefore the state and interactions of essential proteins, is commonly modulated, raising the possibility of studying a protein group that is particularly inaccessible to genetics. We find that functionally associated proteins have coordinated changes in abundance and thermal stability across perturbations, owing to their co-regulation and phys. interactions (with proteins, metabolites or cofactors). Finally, we provide mechanistic insights into previously determined growth phenotypes12 that go beyond the deleted gene. These data represent a rich resource for inferring protein functions and interactions.

Nature (London, United Kingdom) published new progress about Cytolysis. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Lee, Bongyong published the artcileMedulloblastoma cerebrospinal fluid reveals metabolites and lipids indicative of hypoxia and cancer-specific RNAs, HPLC of Formula: 97-67-6, the main research area is RNA lipid cerebrospinal fluid hypoxia medulloblastoma; Circular RNA; Lipidomics; Medulloblastoma; Metabolomics; TCA; Transcriptomics.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. There remains an unmet need for diagnostics to sensitively detect the disease, particularly recurrences. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides a window into the central nervous system, and liquid biopsy of CSF could provide a relatively non-invasive means for disease diagnosis. There has yet to be an integrated anal. of the transcriptomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic changes occurring in the CSF of children with MB. CSF samples from patients with (n = 40) or without (n = 11; no cancer) MB were subjected to RNA-sequencing and high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify RNA, metabolite, and lipid profiles. Differentially expressed transcripts, metabolites, and lipids were identified and their biol. significance assessed by pathway anal. The DIABLO multivariate anal. package (R package mixOmics) was used to integrate the mol. changes characterizing the CSF of MB patients. Differentially expressed transcripts, metabolites, and lipids in CSF were discriminatory for the presence of MB but not the exact mol. subtype. One hundred and ten genes and ten circular RNAs were differentially expressed in MB CSF compared with normal, representing TGF-β signaling, TNF-α signaling via NF-kB, and adipogenesis pathways. Tricarboxylic acid cycle and other metabolites (malate, fumarate, succinate, α-ketoglutarate, hydroxypyruvate, N-acetyl-aspartate) and total triacylglycerols were significantly upregulated in MB CSF compared with normal CSF. Although separating MBs into subgroups using transcriptomic, metabolomic, and lipid signatures in CSF was challenging, we were able to identify a group of omics signatures that could sep. cancer from normal CSF. Metabolic and lipidomic profiles both contained indicators of tumor hypoxia. Our approach provides several candidate signatures that deserve further validation, including the novel circular RNA circ_463, and insights into the impact of MB on the CSF microenvironment.

Acta Neuropathologica Communications published new progress about Adipogenesis. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, HPLC of Formula: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Shameer, Sanu published the artcileLeaf energy balance requires mitochondrial respiration and export of chloroplast NADPH in the light, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is Arabidopsis chloroplast malate mitochondrial respiration photooxidative stress light.

Key aspects of leaf mitochondrial metabolism in the light remain unresolved. For example, there is debate about the relative importance of exporting reducing equivalent from mitochondria for the peroxisomal steps of photorespiration vs. oxidation of NADH to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we address this and explore energetic coupling between organelles in the light using a diel flux balance anal. model. The model included more than 600 reactions of central metabolism with full stoichiometric accounting of energy production and consumption. Different scenarios of energy availability (light intensity) and demand (source leaf vs. a growing leaf) were considered, and the model was constrained by the nonlinear relationship between light and CO2 assimilation rate. The anal. demonstrated that the chloroplast can theor. generate sufficient ATP to satisfy the energy requirements of the rest of the cell in addition to its own. However, this requires unrealistic high light use efficiency and, in practice, the availability of chloroplast-derived ATP is limited by chloroplast energy dissipation systems, such as nonphotochem. quenching, and the capacity of the chloroplast ATP export shuttles. Given these limitations, substantial mitochondrial ATP synthesis is required to fulfill cytosolic ATP requirements, with only minimal, or zero, export of mitochondrial reducing equivalent The anal. also revealed the importance of exporting reducing equivalent from chloroplasts to sustain photorespiration. Hence, the chloroplast malate valve and triose phosphate-3-phosphoglycerate shuttle are predicted to have important metabolic roles, in addition to their more commonly discussed contribution to the avoidance of photooxidative stress.

Plant Physiology published new progress about Amino acids Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Pereira, Goncalo C. published the artcileHexokinase II dissociation alone cannot account for changes in heart mitochondrial function, morphology and sensitivity to permeability transition pore opening following ischemia, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is ischemia hexokinase II heart mitochondria morphol permeability transition pore.

We previously demonstrated that hexokinase II (HK2) dissociation from mitochondria during cardiac ischemia correlates with cytochrome c (cyt-c) loss, oxidative stress and subsequent reperfusion injury. However, whether HK2 release is the primary signal mediating this ischemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was not established. To investigate this, we studied the effects of dissociating HK2 from isolated heart mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated from Langendorff-perfused rat hearts before and after 30 min global ischemia ± ischemic preconditioning (IPC) were subject to in vitro dissociation of HK2 by incubation with glucose-6-phosphate at pH 6.3. Prior HK2 dissociation from pre- or end-ischemic heart mitochondria had no effect on their cyt-c release, respiration (± ADP) or mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Inner mitochondrial membrane morphol. was assessed indirectly by monitoring changes in light scattering (LS) and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Although no major ultrastructure differences were detected between pre- and end-ischemia mitochondria, the amplitude of changes in LS was reduced in the latter. This was prevented by IPC but not mimicked in vitro by HK2 dissociation We also observed more Drp1, a mitochondrial fission protein, in end-ischemia mitochondria. IPC failed to prevent this increase but did decrease mitochondrial-associated dynamin 2. In vitro HK2 dissociation alone cannot replicate ischemia-induced effects on mitochondrial function implying that in vivo dissociation of HK2 modulates end-ischemia mitochondrial function indirectly perhaps involving interaction with mitochondrial fission proteins. The resulting changes in mitochondrial morphol. and cristae structure would destabilize outer / inner membrane interactions, increase cyt-c release and enhance mPTP sensitivity to [Ca2+].

PLoS One published new progress about Breathing (animal). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Mimata, Yoshiharu published the artcileExtracellular malate induces stomatal closure via direct activation of guard-cell anion channel SLAC1 and stimulation of Ca2+ signalling, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is extracellular malate stomatal closure SLAC1 direct activation calcium signalling; Arabidopsis; Ca2+ signalling; SLAC1; malate; stomata.

Plants secrete malate from guard cells to apoplast under stress conditions and exogenous malate induces stomatal closure. Malate is considered an extracellular chem. signal of stomatal closure. However, the mol. mechanism of malate-induced stomatal closure is not fully elucidated. We investigated responses of stomatal aperture, ion channels, and cytosolic Ca2+ to malate. A treatment with malate induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type plants, but not in the mutants deficient in the slow (S-type) anion channel gene SLOW ANION CHANNEL-Associated 1 (SLAC1). The treatment with malate increased S-type anion currents in guard-cell protoplasts of wild-type plants but not in the slac1 mutant. In addition, extracellular rather than intracellular application of malate increased the S-type currents of constitutively active mutants of SLAC1, which have kinase-independent activities, in a heterologous expression system using Xenopus oocytes. The treatment with malate transiently increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in the wild-type Arabidopsis guard cells and the malate-induced stomatal closure was inhibited by the Ca2+ channel blocker and the Ca2+ chelator. These results indicate that extracellular malate directly activates SLAC1 and simultaneously stimulates Ca2+ signalling in guard cells, resulting in steady and solid activation of SLAC1 for stomatal closure.

New Phytologist published new progress about Antisense RNA Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Di Nottia, Michela published the artcileA homozygous MRPL24 mutation causes a complex movement disorder and affects the mitoribosome assembly, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is movement disorder MRPL24 mutation mitoribosome; MRPL24; Mitochondrial disorders; Mitochondrial protein synthesis; Mitoribosomes; Molecular modeling; Movement disorder; Protein interactions; Zebrafish.

Mitochondrial ribosomal protein large 24 (MRPL24) is 1 of the 82 protein components of mitochondrial ribosomes, playing an essential role in the mitochondrial translation process. We report here on a baby girl with cerebellar atrophy, choreoathetosis of limbs and face, intellectual disability and a combined defect of complexes I and IV in muscle biopsy, caused by a homozygous missense mutation identified in MRPL24. The variant predicts a Leu91Pro substitution at an evolutionarily conserved site. Using human mutant cells and the zebrafish model, we demonstrated the pathol. role of the identified variant. In fact, in fibroblasts we observed a significant reduction of MRPL24 protein and of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I and IV subunits, as well a markedly reduced synthesis of the mtDNA-encoded peptides. In zebrafish we demonstrated that the orthologue gene is expressed in metabolically active tissues, and that gene knockdown induced locomotion impairment, structural defects and low ATP production The motor phenotype was complemented by human WT but not mutant cRNA. Moreover, sucrose d. gradient fractionation showed perturbed assembly of large subunit mitoribosomal proteins, suggesting that the mutation leads to a conformational change in MRPL24, which is expected to cause an aberrant interaction of the protein with other components of the 39S mitoribosomal subunit.

Neurobiology of Disease published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study) (COXIV). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Li, Ning published the artcileIdentification of the carbohydrate and organic acid metabolism genes responsible for Brix in tomato fruit by transcriptome and metabolome analysis, COA of Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is carbohydrate organic acid metabolism Brix tomato fruit transcriptome metabolome; TCA cycle; carbohydrate; fruit brix; metabolic; organic acid; tomato; transcriptome.

Sugar and organic acids not only contribute to the formation of soluble solids (Brix) but also are an essential factor affecting the overall flavor intensity. However, the possible metabolic targets and mol. synthesis mechanisms remain to be further clarified. UHPLC-HRMS (ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatog. and high-resolution mass spectrometry) combined with comparative transcriptome anal. were performed in fruits at green ripe (S1), turning-color (S2), and red ripe (S3) stages of two tomato genotypes TM-1 (Solanum galapagense L., LA0436) and TM-38 (S. lycopersicum L. cultivar M82, LA3475) that vary in fruit Brix. The fruit Brix of TM-1 was nearly twice that of TM-38 at S3. Nevertheless, TM-1 accumulated 1.84- and 2.77-fold the L-malic acid and citric acid in red ripe fruit (S3) compared with TM-38, resp. D-glucose and D-fructose in TM-1 and TM-38 fruits tended to be similar at S3. Concomitantly, the sugar/organic acid ratio of TM-38 fruits were 23. 08-, 4. 38-, and 2.59-fold higher than that of TM-1 fruits at S1, S2, and S3, resp. Among starch and sucrose (carbohydrate, CHO) metabolism (ko00500) genes, SUS (Solyc07g042550.3) and BAM (Solyc08g077530.3) were pos. (r = 0.885-0.931) correlated with the sugar/organic acid ratio. Besides, INV (Solyc09g010080.3 and Solyc09g010090.5.1), AAM (Solyc04g082090.3), 4-α-GTase (Solyc02g020980.2.1), BGL2 (Solyc06g073750.4, Solyc06g073760.3, and Solyc01g081170.3), TPS (Solyc01g005210.2 and Solyc07g006500.3), and TPP (Solyc08g079060.4) were neg. (r = -0.823 to -0.918) correlated with the sugar/organic acid ratio. The organic acid (TCA cycle) metabolism (ko00020) gene ALMT (Solyc01g096140.3) was also neg. (r = -0.905) correlated with the sugar/organic acid ratio. Citric acid may play a more dominant role in the sugar/organic acid ratio of the tomato fruit, and the contribution of both L-malic acid and citric acid to the fruit Brix was much greater than that of D-glucose and D-fructose. Genes involved in CHO and TCA metabolism, which have a significant correlation with the sugar/organic acid ratio were considered to be the contributing factors of fruit Brix.

Frontiers in Genetics published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study) (AAM). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, COA of Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Foong, Choon Pin published the artcileEngineered mutants of a marine photosynthetic purple nonsulfur bacterium with increased volumetric productivity of polyhydroxyalkanoate bioplastics, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is mutagenesis polyhydroxyalkanoate bioplastic Rhodovulum; Rhodovulum sulfidophilum; biopolymer; fluorescence-activated cell sorting; genome-wide mutagenesis; microbial cell factory; strain improvement.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are green and sustainable bioplastics that could replace petrochem. synthetic plastics without posing environmental threats to living organisms. In addition, sustainable PHA production could be achieved using marine photosynthetic purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSBs) that utilize natural seawater, sunlight, carbon dioxide gas, and nitrogen gas for growth. However, PHA production using marine photosynthetic PNSBs has not been economically feasible yet due to its high cost and low productivity. In this work, strain improvement, using genome-wide mutagenesis coupled with high-throughput screening via fluorescence-actived cell sorting, we were able to create Rhodovulum sulfidophilium mutants with enhanced volumetric PHA productivity, with an up to 1.7-fold increase. The best selected mutants (E6 and E6M4) reached the stationary growth phase 1 day faster and accumulated the maximum PHA content 2 days faster than the wild type. Maximizing volumetric PHA productivity before the stationary growth phase is indeed an addnl. advantage for R. sulfidophilum as a growth-associated PHA producer.

ACS Synthetic Biology published new progress about Fluorescence-activated cell sorting. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts