Category: 59-23-4

Li, Hongyan published the artcileEffect of the structural characterization of the fungal polysaccharides on their immunomodulatory activity, Computed Properties of 59-23-4, the main research area is immunomodulatory agent extracellular polysaccharide Aspergillus Sanguisorba Rumia Zizania; Extracellular polysaccharide; Fungus; Immunomodulatory activity; Structural characterization.

The immunomodulatory effects of the four extracellular polysaccharides, namely WPA, WPB, AP2A, and TP1A, which were isolated from the fermented broth of Aspergillus aculeatus, A. terreus and Trichoderma sp. KK19L1, were investigated in vitro. WPA, WPB, AP2A, and TP1A were not toxic to RAW264.7 cells. These polysaccharides enhanced cell viability. WPA, WPB, AP2A, and TP1A showed increased immunomodulatory effect by strengthening the phagocytic activity and enhancing the release of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 from RAW264.7 cells. WPA, WPB, AP2A, and TP1A exhibited different immunomodulatory activity in vitro due to their different structural characterizations, and their immunoregulatory effects decreased successively in the following order: WPA, WPB, AP2A, and TP1A. The extracellular polysaccharides WPA, WPB, AP2A, and TP1A had potent immunomodulatory effects and could be used as potential immunomodulatory agents in the fields of functional food and medicine.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Animal gene, TNFA Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Computed Properties of 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zhang, Hui published the artcileAn amendment to the fine structure of galactoxyloglucan from Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is Tamarindus seed galactoxyloglucan glucose xylose galactose; Fine structure; MALDI-TOF MS; NMR spectroscopy; Polysaccharide; Tamarind seed.

A polysaccharide from tamarind seeds (TSP) was characterized in terms of backbone and side chain structural features, as well as conformational property using methylation and GC-MS anal., 2D NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, and high performance size exclusion chromatog. (HPSEC). Results showed that TSP was a galactoxyloglucan (GXG) consisting of glucose, xylose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 3.1: 1.7: 1.0. The Mw was determined to be 524.0 kDa with radius of gyration (Rg) of 55.6 nm. The chem. structure was confirmed as a classical β-(1 → 4)-glucan with short side chains of T-β-Galp-(1 → 2)-α-Xylp-(1 → and T-α-Xylp-(1 → attached to O-6 position of glucose. MALDI-TOF MS anal. indicated that TSP mainly composed of nonasaccharide (XLLG) and octasaccharide (XLXG or XXLG) blocks in periodic or interrupted sequence in a ratio of 3: 2, occasionally interrupted by heptasaccharide (XXXG), hexasaccharide (XLG or XXGG), or even hendesaccharide blocks. Conformational study indicated that TSP was in a random-coil shape with relative extended stiff chain in aqueous solution This study provided more evidences to make an amendment to the fine structure of tamarind GXG.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Hexasaccharides Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Xu, Danping published the artcileExtraction, purification and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from cold pressed oil cake of ‘Tengjiao’ seed, Safety of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is Zanthoxylum polysaccharide antioxidant monosaccharide; Antioxidant activity; Cold pressed oil cake; Polysaccharide.

Tengjiao (Zanthoxylum armatum DC.) seed cold pressed oil cake (CPC), the main byproduct of the cold-pressed oil process, is mainly used for animal feed or crop fertilizer, resulting in a great waste of resources. To improve the added value, the CPC polysaccharide (CPCP) was extracted and purified, and its antioxidant activity was studied. The extraction conditions by microwave assisted extraction, and purification conditions by trichloroacetic acid and polyamide column chromatog. treatment were optimized. High performance liquid chromatog. and Fourier transforms IR were applied to characterize the primary structural features. And the antioxidant activity was analyzed by detecting the reducing power, and scavenging activity on radical of superoxide anion, DPPH and ABTS. The results showed that, under the optimal extraction conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio 44 mL/g, processing time 16 min, microwave power 500 W and extraction temperature 80°C), and the optimal purification conditions, the extract rate of crude CPCP reached 4.76 ± 0.07%, and the purity increased from 48.52 ± 2.76% to 93.76 ± 2.06%. CPCP was mainly water-soluble pyranose with α-configuration, and composed of five kinds of monosaccharides including L-Rhamnose, D-Glucuronic acid, D-Glucose, D-Galactose and D-(-)-Arabinose. CPCP displayed certain degree of antioxidant activity, revealing the potential development and utilization value as antioxidants.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Monosaccharides Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Safety of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Rizk, Dana V. published the artcileGlomerular immunodeposits of patients with IgA nephropathy are enriched for IgG autoantibodies specific for galactose-deficient IgA1, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is IgG IgA1 PLA2R autoantibody galactose IgA nephropathy; IgA nephropathy; autoantibody; biomarker; immunodeposits.

Background: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the leading primary GN worldwide. The disease is thought to result from glomerular deposition of circulating immune complexes of IgG bound to galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1). However, routine immunofluorescence microscopy fails to detect IgG in many kidney biopsies from patients with IgAN and the specificity of IgG in immunodeposits has not been tested. Methods: We used remnant frozen kidney-biopsy specimens from 34 patients with IgAN; 14 were IgG-pos. and 20 were IgG-neg. by routine immunofluorescence microscopy. Six patients with primary membranous nephropathy (MN) and eight with lupus nephritis (LN) served as controls. IgG in the kidney tissue was extracted and its amount determined by ELISA. IgG mol. integrity was assessed by SDS-PAGE immunoblotting. Antigenic specificity of extracted IgG was determined by ELISA using phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) or Gd-IgA1 as antigen. In addition, ten other IgAN cases, six IgG-pos. and four IgG-neg. by routine immunofluorescence, were used for colocalization studies by confocal microscopy. Results: IgG extracted from MN but not IgAN immunodeposits reacted with PLA2R. Conversely, IgG extracted from IgAN but not MN or LN immunodeposits reacted with Gd-IgA1. Even IgAN kidney-biopsy specimens without IgG by routine immunofluorescence microscopy had IgG specific for Gd-IgA1. Confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of IgG in the IgAN biopsies with colocalization of glomerular IgA and IgG. Conclusions: These results reveal for the first time that IgAN kidney biopsies, with or without IgG by routine immunofluorescence, contain Gd-IgA1-specific IgG autoantibodies. These findings support the importance of these autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of IgAN.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology published new progress about Homo sapiens. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Wang, Zichao published the artcileAnti-diabetic activity evaluation of a polysaccharide extracted from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Formula: C6H12O6, the main research area is Gynostemma polysaccharide antidiabetic; Anti-diabetic activity; Gynostemma pentaphyllum; Polysaccharide.

In current study, a polysaccharide (GPP) was successfully extracted from Gynostemma pentaphyllum herb. Monosaccharide composition of GPP was rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 4.11: 7.34: 13.31: 20.99: 1.07: 0.91: 4.75: 0.36. Mol. weight and polydispersity (Mw/Mn) of GPP were 4.070 × 104 Da and 1.037, resp. Primary structure features of GPP were determined to be a polysaccharide by FT-IR and NMR. Fasting blood sugar of diabetic mice decreased from 17.56 mmol/L to 7.42 mmol/L by orally administration of 0.5 mL GPP (1 mg/mL) for 30 days. GPP exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition effect on a-glucosidase activity. Moreover, GPP could inhibit the glucose absorption and affect the protein expression of GLUT2, but not the protein expression of SGLT1. These results indicated GPP could be used as an effective ingredient to prevent and cure diabetes.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Animal gene, SGLT1 Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Formula: C6H12O6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Liu, Youxia published the artcileComprehensive analysis of aberrantly expressed profiles of mRNA and its relationship with serum galactose-deficient IgA1 level in IgA nephropathy, COA of Formula: C6H12O6, the main research area is gene expression galactose IgA1 IgA nephropathy; Differential gene expression; Galactose-deficient IgA1; IgA nephropathy; RNA-deep sequencing; mRNA microarray.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. Previous mRNA microarray profiling studies of IgAN revealed inconsistent data. We sought to identify the aberrantly expressed genes and biol. pathways by integrating IgAN gene expression datasets in blood cells and performing systematically exptl. validation. We also explored the relationship between target genes and galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) in IgAN. We retrieved Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets of IgAN. Gene Ontol. (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were used for functional anal. Deep sequencing on RNA isolated from B cells was used for microarray validation. The relationship between target mRNA expressions and Gd-IgA1 levels in serum were also studied. Three studies with microarray expression profiling datasets met our inclusion criteria. We identified 655 dyregulated genes, including 319 up-regulated and 336 down-regulated genes in three GEO datasets with a total of 35 patients of IgAN and 19 healthy controls. Based on biol. process in GO term, these dyregulated genes are mainly related to pentose-phosphate shunt, non-oxidative branch, post-embryonic camera-type eye development and leukocyte activation. KEGG pathway anal. of microarray data revealed that these aberrantly expressed genes were enriched in human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection, proteoglycans in cancer, intestinal immune network for IgA production and autophagy. We further performed deep sequencing on mRNAs isolated from B cells of an independent set of five patients with IgAN and three healthy persons with the same clin. and demog. characteristics. Seventy-seven genes overlapped with 655 differentially regulated genes mentioned above, including 43 up-regulated and thirty-four down-regulated genes. We next investigated whether these genes expression correlated with Gd-IgA1 levels in IgAN patients. Pearson correlation analyses showed PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) was the most powerful gene neg. correlated with Gd-IgA1 levels. These results demonstrated that dyregulated genes in patients with IgAN were enriched in intestinal immune network for IgA production and autophagy process, and PTEN in B cells might be involved in the mechanism of Gd-IgA1 production

Journal of Translational Medicine published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study) (DEF8). 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, COA of Formula: C6H12O6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Sun, Yuqing published the artcileChemical structure and anti-inflammatory activity of a branched polysaccharide isolated from Phellinus baumii, HPLC of Formula: 59-23-4, the main research area is Phellinus fruit extract SHPS1 branched polysaccharide structure antiinflammatory; Anti-inflammatory activity; Inflammatory bowel disease; Phellinus baumii; Polysaccharide; Structure.

Phellinus baumii is used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and gastroenteritis. In this study, a 46 kDa heteropolysaccharide SHPS-1 was isolated from fruiting bodies of P. baumii. SHPS-1 consisted of arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose at a molar ratio of 2.2:15.7:49.3:32.8. SHPS-1 had a backbone containing 1,3-linked β-D-Glcp and 1,6-linked α-D-Galp residues, and Araf, Manp and Galp units were attached as oligosaccharidic side chains to the backbone at C-6 of some glucopyranoses. SHPS-1 decreased phosphorylation level of STAT-1 and expression levels of STAT-1 targeted genes such as iNOS and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, SHPS-1 promoted the expression of IL-10 and macrophage mannose receptor CD 206, markers of tissue repairing macrophages. SHPS-1 alleviated ulcerative colitis in mice by decreasing pro-inflammatory genes and increasing anti-inflammatory and tissue repairing genes. Collectively, SHPS-1 polysaccharide from P. baumii had anti-inflammatory activity and can potentially treat IBD.

Carbohydrate Polymers published new progress about Anti-inflammatory agents. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, HPLC of Formula: 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Bahramzadeh, Saman published the artcilePurification, structural analysis and mechanism of murine macrophage cell activation by sulfated polysaccharides from Cystoseira indica, Formula: C6H12O6, the main research area is purification structural analysis mechanism mouse macrophage cell activation sulfated; Cystoseira indica; Immunostimulatory; NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways; Polysaccharide; Structure.

Sulfated polysaccharides were isolated and purified from the water extract of Cystoseira indica using DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column to evaluate their structure and macrophage stimulating capacity. Crude and fractionated polysaccharides, CIF1 and CIF2, were mostly composed of neutral sugars (73.1%-78.6%) with relatively lower amounts of acidic sugars (1.3%-9.0%) and sulfate esters (6.9%-9.7%). The polymer chains of polysaccharides were mainly built of different levels of glucose (2.1%-30.8%), fucose (17.2%-24.4%), mannose (17.8%-20.6%) and galactose (16.7%-17.3%). The weight average mol. weight (Mw) of polysaccharides varied between 573.1 × 103 g/mol to 1146.6 × 103 g/mol. The CIF2 polysaccharide, as the most immunostimulating polysaccharide, remarkably induced the release of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 from RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells through NF-κB and MAPKs transduction signaling pathways via cell surface TLR4. The interconnections of sugars in CIF2 polysaccharide were complex with (1→3)-fucopyranose, (1→2,3,4)-glucopyranose, (→1)-galactopyranose, (→1)-xylopyranose, (1→2)-rhamnopyranose and (1→2,3)-mannopyranose units being the most predominant residues.

Carbohydrate Polymers published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study) (IL-1β). 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Formula: C6H12O6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Witters, Peter published the artcileClinical and biochemical improvement with galactose supplementation in SLC35A2-CDG, Recommanded Product: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is galactose SLCA glycosylation congenital disorder; Nijmegen Pediatric CDG Rating Scale (NPCRS); SLC35A2-CDG; galactose; glycan; glycosylation.

Abstract: Purpose: We studied galactose supplementation in SLC35A2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (SLC35A2-CDG), caused by monoallelic pathogenic variants in SLC35A2 (Xp11.23), encoding the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi UDP-galactose transporter. Patients present with epileptic encephalopathy, developmental disability, growth deficiency, and dysmorphism. Methods: Ten patients with SLC35A2-CDG were supplemented with oral D-galactose for 18 wk in escalating doses up to 1.5 g/kg/day. Outcome was assessed using the Nijmegen Pediatric CDG Rating Scale (NPCRS, ten patients) and by glycomics (eight patients). Results: SLC35A2-CDG patients demonstrated improvements in overall Nijmegen Pediatric CDG Rating Scale (NPCRS) score (P = 0.008), the current clin. assessment (P = 0.007), and the system specific involvement (P = 0.042) domains. Improvements were primarily in growth and development with five patients resuming developmental progress, which included postural control, response to stimuli, and chewing and swallowing amelioration. Addnl., there were improvements in gastrointestinal symptoms and epilepsy. One patient in our study did not show any clin. improvement. Galactose supplementation improved patients′ glycosylation with decreased ratios of incompletely formed to fully formed glycans (M-gal/disialo, P = 0.012 and monosialo/disialo, P = 0.017) and increased levels of a fully galactosylated N-glycan (P = 0.05). Conclusions: Oral D-galactose supplementation results in clin. and biochem. improvement in SLC35A2-CDG. Galactose supplementation may partially overcome the Golgi UDP-galactose deficiency and improves galactosylation. Oral galactose is well tolerated and shows promise as dietary therapy.

Genetics in Medicine published new progress about Glycosylation Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Recommanded Product: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Qin, Jing published the artcileStructural characterization and immunoregulatory activity of two polysaccharides from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC, Safety of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is Atractylodes rhizome acidic neutral polysaccharide immunomodulator activity; Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC; Immunoregulatory activity; Structure characterization.

A neutral polysaccharide (ALP-1) and an acidic polysaccharide (ALP-3) were purified from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. ALP-1 exhibited a linear backbone composed of (2 → 1)-linked β-D-fructofuranose. The backbone of ALP-3 was elucidated as (→4)-GalAp-(1 → 3,4)-Rhap-(1→, and with branch chain substituted at O-3 position of →3,4)-Rhap-(1 →). The branch chain consists of (→3,5)-Araf-(1→, →5)-Araf-(1→), and Araf-(1→). Particularly, ALP-3 could significantly stimulate macrophage proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and stimulate phagocytic, NO and cytokines production than ALP-1 on RAW264.7 cells. Besides, both ALP-1 and ALP-3 could activate T-cells in Peyer’s patch cells and enhance the production of colony stimulation factors. While the ALP-3 also showed better intestinal immune system modulating activity than ALP-1. The result of this study indicated that the structure diversity of polysaccharide is crucial for its bioactivity. And also provided evidence for that carbohydrate polymers in A. lancea definitely contributed to its pharmaceutical effects.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Aggregated lymphoid nodule. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Safety of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts