Category: 59-23-4

Li, Jia published the artcilePurification, structural characterization, and immunomodulatory activity of the polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum, Quality Control of 59-23-4, the main research area is Ganoderma polysaccharide purification immunomodulatory activity; Chain conformation; Ganoderma lucidum; Immunomodulatory activity; NMR; β-d-glucan.

A preliminary relationship was illustrated between the structural characteristics and corresponding immunomodulatory activities of G. lucidum polysaccharides. Two polysaccharides (GLP-1 and GLP-2) were purified from Ganoderma lucidum extracts by gradient ethanol precipitation and a Q-Sepharose Fast Flow (QFF) strong anion-exchange column. The monosaccharide composition, high-performance gel permeation chromatog.-multi-angle laser light scattering-refractive index (HPGPC-MALLS-RI), Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy (FT-IR), at. force microscopy (AFM), methylation anal., and NMR (NMR) were used to characterize these polysaccharides. The GLP-1 polysaccharide was elucidated as D-galactoglucan with a flexible random linear conformation that mainly composed of â†?)-β-D-Glcp-(1â†? â†?)-α-D-Galp-(1â†? and â†?)-β-D-Glcp-(1â†?residues. GLP-2 was found to be a relatively homogeneous β-D-glucan that possessing â†?)-β-D-Glcp-(1â†?and â†?)-β-D-Glcp-(1â†?residues packaged into a spherical conformation. Immunomodulatory activities in vivo demonstrated that GLP-1 produced better protection of the spleen and thymus and was more effective for promoting hematopoiesis and improving IgA levels in serum. Our results suggest that the immunomodulatory activities of G. lucidum polysaccharides are highly corresponded to their structural characteristics such as carbohydrate composition, mol. weight and advanced conformation. This study provides a preliminary basis for studying the relationship between polysaccharide structure characterization and pharmacol. activities.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Blood serum. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Quality Control of 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Bo, Surina published the artcileCharacterizations and immunostimulatory activities of a polysaccharide from Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. roots, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is Arnebia BT lymphocyte root polysaccharide immunostimulatory activity; Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. polysaccharide; Immunomodulatory activities; Primary structure.

A polysaccharide from Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. named ARP, was obtained and purified by the hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation and deproteinization of TCA. The mol. weight of the polysaccharide fraction of ARP was calculated to be 1.23 × 104 Da from a calibration curve obtained with dextran standards Monosaccharide composition anal. revealed that ARP was composed of Gal, Ara, Glu, Man, Rha and Fuc at a molar ratio of 53.8:21.3:11.7:6.8:4.3:2.2. Methylation anal. suggested that ARP was likely an arabinogalactan and that its backbone mainly consisted of Galp residues of 1,6-linkages and Ara residues of 1,5- or 1,3-linkages. The in vitro experiment indicated that ARP enhanced B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation. A dose-dependent relationship was observed, and a dose of 200 mug/mL resulted in the highest cell viability. In addition, ARP significantly stimulated the production of the cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-G), and enhanced B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation. Meanwhile, ARP had little effect on interleukin-2 (IL-2) production The experiments of the effect of ARP on the activation of macrophage in vitro indicated that ARP significantly enhanced the production of TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-1beta which suggested the polysaccharide induced the functional activation of macrophage.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Acetylation. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Higel, Fabian published the artcileN-glycans of complex glycosylated biopharmaceuticals and their impact on protein clearance, Recommanded Product: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is glycosylated biopharmaceutical protein clearance; Biopharmaceutical; Characterization; Fusion protein; HPLC; Mass spectrometry; N-glycosylation; Pharmacokinetics.

N-glycosylation is a common post-translational modification of biopharmaceutical products. Certain types of N-glycans have been shown to influence important properties of monoclonal antibody products including pharmacokinetics and effector functions. Complex biopharmaceuticals e.g. Fc fusion proteins may contain several N- and O-glycosylation sites. Domain specific characterization of two Fc fusion proteins showed an Fc N-glycosylation pattern comparable to IgG mols. The receptor N-glycosylation was found to contain some larger and more complex N-glycans compared to the Fc part. Analyses of samples from non-clin. studies of the two studied fusion proteins indicate that their N-glycans impact pharmacokinetic properties. Interestingly, besides the type of N-glycan this influence on the pharmacokinetics depends also on the glycosylation site and thus the accessibility on the protein. The same type of N-glycan can influence the clearance of fusion proteins when located at the receptor part, but not if located at the Fc part. In this study, it is shown that N-glycans with terminal galactose or N-acetylglucosamine residues have a neg. impact on serum half-life when located at the receptor part. Terminal sialylation of galactose residues prevents this faster clearance even when only one sialic acid is present. O-acetylation, a modification of sialic acids does not impact pharmacokinetics. Thus, type and accessibility of N-glycan moieties of fusion proteins both play an important role in pharmacokinetics. Finally, detailed site specific anal. is critical in the development of biopharmaceuticals.

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics published new progress about Acetylation. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Recommanded Product: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Gutoehrlein, Friederike published the artcileExtraction of low methoxylated pectin from pea hulls via RSM, Recommanded Product: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is pea hull methoxylated pectin response surface methodol.

Nowadays, low methoxylated pectin (LMP) is generated in a multi-step process from high methoxylated pectin using fruit byproducts as a raw material. In this study, we prove that LMP may be directly extracted from pea hulls. Extraction was conducted according to a central composite design (CCD) and evaluated via response surface methodol. (RSM). The influence of different parameters (pH, temperature, time) on yield and composition of the extracted pectic polysaccharides (PPS) was investigated using nitric acid and citric acid as extraction media. Citric acid yielded higher amounts of PPS (3.5-9.8%) compared to nitric acid (1.4-8.0%). However, there is a conflict of aims between a high yield and the purity of the extracted PPS. Composition anal. suggests that under ‘mild’ extraction conditions (pH 2, 70°C) PPS consist of homogalacturonan, xylogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan with arabinose and galactose side chains (RG-I). With increasing temperature (90°), yield is maximised due to an increased solubilisation of cell wall polysaccharides. Under “”harsh”” conditions (pH 1, 90°C) the purity of PPS increases in terms of a relatively higher content of uronic acids, but yield decreases. This is attributed to a cleavage of non-GalA components and an ongoing depolymerization of the pectic galacturonan. PPS extracted under these conditions is characterised by a low degree of acetylation (4%) and a relatively high protein content (7%).

Food Hydrocolloids published new progress about Acetylation. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Recommanded Product: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Khan, Bilal Muhammad published the artcilePhysicochemical characterization of Gracilaria chouae sulfated polysaccharides and their antioxidant potential, Safety of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is Gracilaria sulfated polysaccharide antioxidant activity physicochem property; 3,6-Anhydrogalactose; Antioxidant; Gracilaria chouae polysaccharide.

A complete absence of the physicochem. characterization of Gracilaria chouae polysaccharides (GCP) and its corresponding bioactivities urged the need for this study. It was found that GCP is a heteropolysaccharide which exists in linear random coil conformation. It contained a sulfate content of 7.9% in addition to 52.63% total sugar content and 9.62% galacturonic acid. Galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose were found in a molar ratio of 1.0:0.6. Its setting and m.ps. were determined as 41.3 and 71.7 °C, resp., which makes it a suitable candidate for industrial processing where further heating is required and/or where the end-product needs to have extended shelf life in hot climate. GCP demonstrated 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azino-bis and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (36.86, 27.42 and 19.07% at 3 mg·ml-1). Moreover, the results also suggested its potential use as a prebiotic due to its perceived high fermentability.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Food storage. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Safety of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Su, Zhipeng published the artcileAbberant immunoglobulin G glycosylation in rheumatoid arthritis by LTQ-ESI-MS, COA of Formula: C6H12O6, the main research area is rheumatoid arthritis IgG glycosylation RF; IgG; glycosylation; mass spectrometry; rheumatoid arthritis.

Aberrant glycosylation has been observed in many autoimmune diseases. For example, aberrant glycosylation of IgG (IgG) has been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. The aim of this study is to investigate IgG glycosylation and whether there is an association with rheumatoid factor levels in the serum of RA patients. We detected permethylated N-glycans of the IgG obtained in serum from 44 RA patients and 30 healthy controls using linear ion-trap electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LTQ-ESI-MS), a highly sensitive and efficient approach in the detection and identification of N-glycans profiles. IgG N-glycosylation and rheumatoid factor levels were compared in healthy controls and RA patients. Our results suggested that total IgG purified from serum of RA patients shows significantly lower galactosylation (p = 0.0012), lower sialylation (p < 0.0001) and higher fucosylation (p = 0.0063) levels compared with healthy controls. We observed a pos. correlation between aberrant N-glycosylation and rheumatoid factor level in the RA patients. In conclusion, we identified aberrant glycosylation of IgG in the serum of RA patients and its association with elevated levels of rheumatoid factor. International Journal of Molecular Sciences published new progress about Fucosylation. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, COA of Formula: C6H12O6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Chen, Guijie published the artcileStructural Characterization and Immunostimulatory Activity of Heteropolysaccharides from Fuzhuan Brick Tea, Synthetic Route of 59-23-4, the main research area is immunostimulatory heteropolysaccharide Fuzhuan brick tea; Fuzhuan brick tea; immunostimulatory activity; polysaccharides; structural characterization.

Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT), one of the unique dark teas, has various health-promoting functions. In the present study, one polysaccharide fraction, namely FBTPS-2-1, was extracted and purified from FBT, and its structure and potential immunostimulatory activity were investigated. The results showed that FBTPS-2-1,one of typical heteropolysaccharides, was mainly composed of Gal, Ara, and Glc with little molar content of Man, Rha, GalA, and GlcA in molar ratio of 46.59:22.13:13.57:8.20:6.02:2.12:1.38 and mol. weight of 748 kDa. The backbone of FBTPS-2-1 contained â†?)-β-D-Galp-(1â†?)-β-D-Galp-(1â†? â†?)-β-D-Galp-(1â†?)-α-D-Glcp-(1â†? â†?)-α-D-Glcp-(1â†?)-α-D-Glcp-(1â†? â†?)-α-D-Glcp-(1â†?)-β-D-Galp-(1â†? â†?)-β-D-Galp-(1â†?)-β-D-Galp-(1â†? â†?,6)-β-D-Galp-(1â†?)-β-D-Galp-(1â†?and â†?,6)-β-D-Galp-(1â†?,6)-β-D-Galp-(1â†? The linkages of branches in FBTPS-2-1 were mainly composed of α-L-Araf-(1â†?,6)-β-D-Galp-(1â†? â†?)-α-L-Araf-(1â†?,6)-β-D-Galp-(1â†? â†?)-β-D-Galp-(1â†?,6)-β-D-Galp-(1â†? α-L-Araf-(1â†?,5)-α-L-Araf-(1â†? â†?,5)-α-L-Araf-(1â†?)-α-L-Araf-(1â†? α-D-Galp-(1â†?,5)-α-L-Araf-(1â†?and â†?)-α-L-Araf-(1â†?)-β-D-Galp-(1â†? Furthermore, FBTPS-2-1 could increase the phagocytosis of macrophages and promote the secretion of NO and a variety of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, indicating noticeable immune enhancement activity. Thus, FBTPS-2-1 could serve as a potentially functional food to improve human health by modulating the host immunoreaction.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry published new progress about Homo sapiens. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Synthetic Route of 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Jiao, Lili published the artcileStudy on structure characterization of pectin from the steamed ginseng and the inhibition activity of lipid accumulation in oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells, Recommanded Product: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is pectin steamed ginseng oleic acid lipid accumulation; HepG2 cell; Lipid accumulation; Pectin; Steamed ginseng.

Two acid polysaccharides were obtained from steamed ginseng (GPS-1 and GPS-2) through water extraction, ion-exchange chromatog. and gel chromatog. The structural features and ability of the polysaccharides to inhibit lipid accumulation in oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells were studied. GPS-1 consisted of type I arabinogalactans (AG-I), arabinogalactans-II (AG-II) and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains. GPS-2 was a pectin-like polysaccharide consisting mainly of the homogalacturonan (HG) domain and a small amount of AG domain. Both GPS-1 and GPS-2 had branches attaching on O-3 of (16)-GalA or O-4 of (1 2)-Rha and terminated by either Ara or Gal. An in vitro experiment revealed that GPS-1 treatment at 50-400 g/mL could dose-dependently decrease intracellular lipid accumulation and cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) levels. GPS-1 exerted a more serious hypolipidemic effect than GPS-2 did. Moreover, GPS-1 considerably increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and affected the expression of AMPK downstream targets, including the inhibition of the protein expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and activation of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Results suggest that GPS-1 could inhibit lipid accumulation via the AMPK the signalling pathway.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Homo sapiens. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Recommanded Product: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Jayawardena, Thilina U. published the artcileIsolation and purification of fucoidan fraction in Turbinaria ornata from the Maldives; Inflammation inhibitory potential under LPS stimulated conditions in in-vitro and in-vivo models, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is Turbinaria fucoidan inflammation sulfated polysaccharides; Anti inflammation; Brown algae; Fucoidan; Nitric oxide; RAW 264.7; Turbinaria ornata.

Fucoidan, referred to as fucose containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSP), is a polymer from brown algae cell wall that is reported to exhibit potential anti-inflammatory activity. In the present study, the fucoidans are extracted from Turbinaria ornata (TO) from the Maldives. The method involves enzyme assisted extraction and is modified in order to improve the effectiveness and purity of final product. Purified fucoidan fraction was identified as F10, and its chem. properties were verified via FTIR, 1H NMR and monosaccharide anal. Selected inflammatory mediators were studied to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential using RAW 264.7 macrophages. F10 successfully inhibited NO production (IC50 = 30.83 ± 1.02 μg mL-1). F10 dose-dependently down-regulated iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines including PGE2 levels. The in vivo experiments were assisted by zebrafish embryo model. This exhibited reduction in ROS, NO expression levels. To our knowledge, this is the first report to illustrate potential anti-inflammatory activity of FCSPs extracted from the brown algae T. ornata. Concisely, the results suggest that fucoidan purified from T. ornata increases the macrophage cellular and zebrafish embryo resistance against LPS-induced inflammation. Based on the observations, the fucoidans are promising candidates to be used in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical sectors.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Inflammation. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Guo, Rui published the artcilePectic polysaccharides from purple passion fruit peel: A comprehensive study in macromolecular and conformational characterizations, Quality Control of 59-23-4, the main research area is pectic polysaccharide purple passion fruit peel conformation; Conformational behavior; Macromolecular dimension; Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis; Pectic polysaccharides; Purple passion fruit peel; Ultrasonic-aided ammonium oxalate extraction.

A polysaccharide (PFPP) from purple passion fruit peel was optimally extracted, with the highest yield (10.05%, weight/weight) obtained under 35°C extraction temperature, 240 W ultrasonic power, 65:1 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, 0.6% (w/v) ammonium oxalate, 30 min extraction time and pH 2.0. According to composition analyses, pectic PFPP and its fractions (PFPP-10, -15 and -20) were revealed as linear homogalacturonans interrupted by rhamnogalacturonan I in different lengths and extensities, where low esterification degrees (35.35-39.66%) were indicated via FT-IR. Furthermore, based on macromol. models, comprehensive analyses on macromol. and conformational characterizations of PFPP fractions were conducted quant. through, e.g., shape factor (1.42-1.79), Mark-Houwink-Sakurada exponent (0.55-0.74), conformational power-law exponent (0.52-0.58), fractal dimension (1.72-1.94) and persistence length (6.73-13.47 nm). Therefore, different semi-flexible coil conformations were proposed schematically, where lower mol.-weight PFPP fractions were less flexible. This could provide a mol. basis for precise re-utilizations of PFPP in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Carbohydrate Polymers published new progress about Conformation. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Quality Control of 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts