Category: 434-16-2

Houben, Tom; Yadati, Tulasi; de Kruijf, Robbin; Gijbels, Marion J. J.; Luiken, Joost J. F. P.; van Zandvoort, Marc; Kapsokalyvas, Dimitris; Luetjohann, Dieter; Westerterp, Marit; Plat, Jogchum; Leake, David; Shiri-Sverdlov, Ronit published the artcile< Pro-inflammatory implications of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment>, Synthetic Route of 434-16-2, the main research area is proinflammatory hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin treatment; 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin; cholesterol; hepatic inflammation; macrophage; metabolic inflammation.

Lifestyle- and genetically induced disorders related to disturbances in cholesterol metabolism have shown the detrimental impact of excessive cholesterol levels on a plethora of pathol. processes such as inflammation. In this context, two-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (CD) is increasingly considered as a novel pharmacol. compound to decrease cellular cholesterol levels due to its ability to increase cholesterol solubility However, recent findings have reported contra-indicating events after the use of CD questioning the clin. applicability of this compound Given its potential as a therapeutic compound in metabolic inflammatory diseases, in this study, we evaluated the inflammatory effects of CD administration in the context of cholesterol-induced metabolic inflammation in vivo and in vitro. The inflammatory and cholesterol-depleting effects of CD were first investigated in low-d. lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr-/) mice that were transplanted with Npc1nih or Npc1wt bone marrow and were fed either regular chow or a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFC) diet for 12 wk, thereby creating an extreme model of lysosomal cholesterol-induced metabolic inflammation. In the final three weeks, these mice received daily injections of either control (saline) or CD s.c. Subsequently, the inflammatory properties of CD were investigated in vitro in two macrophage cell lines and in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). While CD administration improved cholesterol mobilization outside lysosomes in BMDMs, an overall pro-inflammatory profile was observed after CD treatment, evidenced by increased hepatic inflammation in vivo and a strong increase in cytokine release and inflammatory gene expression in vitro in murine BMDMs and macrophages cell lines. Nevertheless, this CD-induced pro-inflammatory profile was time-dependent, as short term exposure to CD did not result in a pro-inflammatory response in BMDM. While CD exerts desired cholesterol-depleting effects, its inflammatory effect is dependent on the exposure time. As such, using CD in the clinic, especially in a metabolic inflammatory context, should be closely monitored as it may lead to undesired, pro-inflammatory side effects.

Frontiers in Immunology published new progress about Animal gene, CCL2 Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 434-16-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C27H44O, Synthetic Route of 434-16-2.

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
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Jimenez, Isabel A.; Makowski, Andrew J.; Scanlon, Lisa M.; Childs-Sanford, Sara E. published the artcile< Cutaneous concentrations of 7-dehydrocholesterol in Hoffmann′s two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) in managed care>, Related Products of 434-16-2, the main research area is dehydrocholesterol cutaneous concentration Hoffmann sloth photobiosynthesis vitamin calcium homeostasis; calcium homeostasis; photobiosynthesis; previtamin D3; vitamin D3.

Hoffmann′s two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) are unique animals popular in zool. settings. The role of vitamin D in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis in this species is unexplored, although disorders of calcium homeostasis have been reported in managed sloths, including urolithiasis and soft tissue mineralization. This study assessed cutaneous concentrations of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) in nine indoor-housed Hoffmann′s two-toed sloths, as a means of evaluating the potential for cutaneous photobiosynthesis of vitamin D3. Samples were obtained from both abdominal and lumbar regions of the skin to assess for regional variation in 7-DHC concentration The average concentration of 7-DHC in the sloth skin was low (0.197 ± 0.02 nmol/cm2). Location had a significant effect on 7-DHC level only when concentrations were expressed based on the wet weight of the sample (ng/g), but levels were similar when values were normalized to biopsy surface area (nmol/cm2).

Zoo Biology published new progress about Biopsy. 434-16-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C27H44O, Related Products of 434-16-2.

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Leal, Angela C. G. B.; Correa, Marcelo P.; Holick, Michael F.; Melo, Enaldo V.; Lazaretti-Castro, Marise published the artcile< Sun-induced production of vitamin D3 throughout 1 year in tropical and subtropical regions: relationship with latitude, cloudiness, UV-B exposure and solar zenith angle>, SDS of cas: 434-16-2, the main research area is cholecalciferol sun tropical subtropical region latitude UVBexposure zenithangle; Latitude; Photoconversion; Solar zenith angle; Sunlight; UV-B; Vitamin D.

This study evaluated the differences in vitamin D3 synthesis in two different latitudes throughout 1 yr using an in vitro model, which simulates cutaneous vitamin D photoproduction Borosilicate ampoules containing 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) were exposed to sunlight hourly throughout the daylight hours, 1 day per mo for a year, in Fortaleza (latitude 03° 43′ 01″” S-LAT3° S) and Sao Paulo (latitude 23° 32′ 53″” S-LAT23° S). Later, vitamin D3 and photoisomers of 7-DHC (tachysterol and lumisterol) were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatog. system (HPLC). Vitamin D synthesis weighted UV radiation (UVBVitD) and solar zenith angle (SZA) were calculated during the same periods for both latitudes. Vitamin D3 synthesis occurred throughout the year in both locations, as expected in latitudes lower than 35°. Median of photoconversion to vitamin D3 through the year was higher in LAT3°S [median (IQR): LAT 3°S 4.1% (6.0); LAT 23°S 2.9% (4.5); p value = 0.020]. Vitamin D3 production strongly correlated with UV-B (LAT3° S, r = 0.917; p < 0.0001 and at LAT23° S, r = 0.879; p < 0.0001) and SZA (LAT3° S, r = - 0.924; p < 0.0001 and in LAT23°S, r = - 0.808; p < 0.0001). Vitamin D3 production starts later in LAT23° S, especially in winter. Lowest percentages were observed in June in both cities, although, compared to LAT3° S, in LAT 23° S the conversion was over 50% lower in the winter period. Cloudiness impaired photoproduction of Vitamin D3 even in summer months in both latitudes. Our results provide data to help guide medical recommendations for sensible sun exposure to promote the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 at different latitudes, seasonality, time of day and cloudiness status in Brazil. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences published new progress about Ampuls. 434-16-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C27H44O, SDS of cas: 434-16-2.

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Kondrashov, Oleg V.; Kuzmin, Peter I.; Akimov, Sergey A. published the artcile< Hydrophobic Mismatch Controls the Mode of Membrane-Mediated Interactions of Transmembrane Peptides>, Application of C27H44O, the main research area is hydrophobicity transmembrane peptide membrane interaction; lipid membrane; liquid-ordered domain; membrane-mediated interactions; theory of elasticity; transmembrane domain.

Various cellular processes require the concerted cooperative action of proteins. The possibility for such synchronization implies the occurrence of specific long-range interactions between the involved protein participants. Bilayer lipid membranes can mediate protein-protein interactions via relatively long-range elastic deformations induced by the incorporated proteins. We considered the interactions between transmembrane peptides mediated by elastic deformations using the framework of the theory of elasticity of lipid membranes. An effective peptide shape was assumed to be cylindrical, hourglass-like, or barrel-like. The interaction potentials were obtained for membranes of different thicknesses and elastic rigidities. Cylindrically shaped peptides manifest almost neutral average interactions-they attract each other at short distances and repel at large ones, independently of membrane thickness or rigidity. The hourglass-like peptides repel each other in thin bilayers and strongly attract each other in thicker bilayers. On the contrary, the barrel-like peptides repel each other in thick bilayers and attract each other in thinner membranes. These results potentially provide possible mechanisms of control for the mode of protein-protein interactions in membrane domains with different bilayer thicknesses.

Membranes (Basel, Switzerland) published new progress about Bilayer membranes. 434-16-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C27H44O, Application of C27H44O.

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Qu, Lisha; Xiu, Xiang; Sun, Guoyun; Zhang, Chenyang; Yang, Haiquan; Liu, Yanfeng; Li, Jianghua; Du, Guocheng; Lv, Xueqin; Liu, Long published the artcile< Engineered yeast for efficient de novo synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol>, Quality Control of 434-16-2, the main research area is 7-dehydrocholesterol; CRISPRi system; TY1 transposon; metabolic engineering; metabolic network model.

The synthesis of vitamin D3 precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) by microbial fermentation has much attracted attention owing to its advantages of environmental protection. In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered for a de novo biosynthesis of 7-DHC. First, seven essential genes (six endogenous genes and one heterologous gene) were overexpressed, and the ROX1 gene (heme-dependent repressor of hypoxic genes) was knocked out. The resulting strain produced 82.6 mg/L 7-DHC from glucose. Then, we predicted five gene knockout targets for 7-DHC overproduction by the reconstruction of genome-scale metabolic model. GDH1 gene knockout increased the 7-DHC titer from 82.6 to 101.5 mg/L, and the specific growth rate of the ΔGDH1 mutant was also increased by 28%. Next, Ty1 transposon in S. cerevisiae was applied to increase the copies of the ERG1 gene and DHCR24 gene, resulting in a 120% increase in 7-DHC titer to 223.3 mg/L. Besides, to optimize the metabolic flux distribution, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats interference (CRISPRi) system was used to dynamically inhibit the competitive pathway, and the best binding site of ERG6 (delta (24)-sterol C-methyltransferase) promoter was screened out. The OD600 value of ERG6 regulated cells increased by 43% than knocking out ERG6 directly, and 7-DHC titer increased to 365.5 mg/L in a shake flask. Finally, the 7-DHC titer reached 1328 mg/L in 3-L bioreactor and the specific titer of 7-DHC reached up to 114.7 mg/g dry cell weight). Overall, this study constructed a yeast chassis for the highly efficient production of 7-DHC by systems metabolic engineering.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering published new progress about 434-16-2. 434-16-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C27H44O, Quality Control of 434-16-2.

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zmyslowski, Adam; Szterk, Arkadiusz published the artcile< Oxysterols as a biomarker in diseases>, Related Products of 434-16-2, the main research area is review atherosclerosis Alzheimers disease progression oxysterol biomarker diagnosis; 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol; 27-hydroxycholesterol; Atherosclerosis; Biomarker; Neurodegenerative diseases; Oxysterols.

A review. Cholesterol is one of the most important chem. substances as a structural element in human cells, and it is very susceptible to oxidation reactions that form oxysterol. Oxysterols exhibit almost the exact structure as cholesterol and a cholesterol precursor (7-dehydrocholesterol) with an addnl. hydroxyl, epoxy or ketone moiety. The oxidation reaction is performed via an enzymic or non-enzymic mechanism. The wide array of enzymic oxysterols encountered in the human body varies in origin and function. Oxysterols establish a concentration equilibrium in human body fluids. Disease may alter the equilibrium, and oxysterols may be used as a diagnostic tool. The current review presents the possibility of using non-enzymic oxysterols and disturbances in enzymic oxysterol equilibrium in the human body as a potential biomarker for diagnosing and/or monitoring of the progression of various diseases.

Clinica Chimica Acta published new progress about Alzheimer disease. 434-16-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C27H44O, Related Products of 434-16-2.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Tuckey, Robert C.; Tang, Edith K. Y.; Chen, Yunzhi A.; Slominski, Andrzej T. published the artcile< Selective ability of rat 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) to act on some 7-Dehydrocholesterol metabolites but not on lumisterol metabolites>, Related Products of 434-16-2, the main research area is 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase; 7-dehydropregnenolone; DHCR7; Lumisterol; Vitamin D3.

7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) catalyzes the final step of cholesterol biosynthesis in the Kandutsch-Russel pathway, the reduction of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) to cholesterol. 7DHC can be acted on by a range of other enzymes including CYP27A1 and CYP11A1, as well as by UVB radiation, producing a number of derivatives including hydroxy-metabolites, some of which retain the C7-C8 double bond and are biol. active. These metabolites include lumisterol (L3) which is a stereoisomer of 7DHC produced in the skin by UVB radiation of 7DHC, as well as vitamin D3. The aim of this study was to test whether these metabolites could act as substrates or inhibitors of DHCR7 in rat liver microsomes. To initially screen the ability of these metabolites to interact with the active site of DHCR7, their ability to inhibit the conversion of ergosterol to brassicasterol was measured. Sterols that significantly inhibited this reaction included 7DHC (as expected), 20S(OH)7DHC, 27(OH)DHC, 8DHC, 20S(OH)L3 and 22(OH)L3 but not 7-dehydropregnenolone (7DHP), 25(OH)7DHC, L3 or vitamin D3 and its hydroxyderivatives. Sterols that inhibited ergosterol reduction were directly tested as substrates for DHCR7. 20S(OH)7DHC, 27(OH)DHC and 7-dehydrodesmosterol were confirmed to be substrates, giving the expected product with the C7-C8 double bond removed. No products were observed from 8DHC or 20S(OH)L3 indicating that these sterols are inhibitors and not substrates of DHCR7. The resistance of lumisterol and 7DHP to reduction by DHCR7 in cells will permit other enzymes to metabolise these sterols to their active forms retaining the C7-C8 double bond, conferring specificity to their biol. actions.

Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology published new progress about 434-16-2. 434-16-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C27H44O, Related Products of 434-16-2.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Korade, Zeljka; Allen, Luke B.; Anderson, Allison; Tallman, Keri A.; Genaro-Mattos, Thiago C.; Porter, Ned A.; Mirnics, Karoly published the artcile< Trazodone effects on developing brain>, Product Details of C27H44O, the main research area is Dhcr7 genotype trazodone brain.

Abstract: Trazodone (TRZ) is a commonly prescribed antidepressant with significant off-label use for insomnia. Recognizing the well-documented, disruptive effect of 7-DHC on brain development, we designed a study to analyze TRZ effects during pregnancy. Utilizing an in vivo model and human biomaterial, our studies were designed to also account for drug interactions with maternal or offspring Dhcr7 genotype. In a maternal exposure model, we found that TRZ treatment increased 7-DHC and decreased desmosterol levels in brain tissue in newborn pups. We also observed interactions between Dhcr7 mutations and maternal TRZ exposure, giving rise to the most elevated toxic oxysterols in brains of Dhcr7+/- pups with maternal TRZ exposure, independently of the maternal Dhcr7 genotype. Therefore, TRZ use during pregnancy might be a risk factor for in utero development of a neurodevelopmental disorder, especially when the unborn child is of DHCR7+/- genotype. The effects of TRZ on 7-DHC was corroborated in human serum samples. We analyzed sterols and TRZ levels in individuals with TRZ prescriptions and found that circulating TRZ levels correlated highly with 7-DHC. The abundance of off-label use and high prescription rates of TRZ might represent a risk for the development of DHCR7 heterozygous fetuses. Thus, TRZ use during pregnancy is potentially a serious public health concern.

Translational Psychiatry published new progress about Brain. 434-16-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C27H44O, Product Details of C27H44O.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Speen, Adam M.; Hoffman, Jessica R.; Kim, Hye-Young H.; Escobar, Yael N.; Nipp, Grace E.; Rebuli, Meghan E.; Porter, Ned A.; Jaspers, Ilona published the artcile< Small Molecule Antipsychotic Aripiprazole Potentiates Ozone-Induced Inflammation in Airway Epithelium>, Recommanded Product: (3S,9S,10R,13R,14R,17R)-10,13-Dimethyl-17-((R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol, the main research area is antipsychotic aripiprazole ozone inflammation airway epithelium.

Inhaled ground level ozone (O3) has well described adverse health effects, which may be augmented in susceptible populations. While conditions, such as pre-existing respiratory disease, have been identified as factors enhancing susceptibility to O3-induced health effects, the potential for chem. interactions in the lung to sensitize populations to pollutant-induced responses has not yet been studied. In the airways, inhaled O3 reacts with lipids, such as cholesterol, to generate reactive and electrophilic oxysterol species, capable of causing cellular dysfunction and inflammation. The enzyme regulating the final step of cholesterol biosynthesis, 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), converts 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) to cholesterol. Inhibition of DHCR7 increases the levels of 7-DHC, which is much more susceptible to oxidation than cholesterol. Chem. anal. established the capacity for a variety of small mol. antipsychotic drugs, like Aripiprazole (APZ), to inhibit DHCR7 and elevate circulating 7-DHC. Our results show that APZ and the known DHCR7 inhibitor, AY9944, increase 7-DHC levels in airway epithelial cells and potentiate O3-induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression and cytokine release. Targeted immune-related gene array anal. demonstrates that APZ significantly modified O3-induced expression of 16 genes, causing dysregulation in expression of genes associated with leukocyte recruitment and inflammatory response. Addnl., we find that APZ increases O3-induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression in human nasal epithelial cells from male but not female donors. Overall, the evidence we provide describes a novel mol. mechanism by which chems., such as APZ, that perturb cholesterol biosynthesis affect O3-induced biol. responses.

Chemical Research in Toxicology published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study) (C1R). 434-16-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C27H44O, Recommanded Product: (3S,9S,10R,13R,14R,17R)-10,13-Dimethyl-17-((R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Saltiel, Jack; Krishnan, Sumesh B.; Gupta, Shipra; Hernberg, E. Aliea; Clark, Ronald J. published the artcile< Photochemistry and photophysics of cholesta-5,7,9(11)-trien-3β-ol: a fluorescent analogue of cholesterol>, Related Products of 434-16-2, the main research area is cholestatrienol fluorescent analog photochem photophysics; Cholestatrienol rearrangement; Endoperoxide phototoproducts; Fluorescence triplet yields.

Cholesta-5,7,9(11)-trien-3β-ol (9,11-dehydroprovitamin D3, CTL) is used as a fluorescent probe to track the presence and migration of cholesterol in vivo. CTL is known to be photochem. active, but little consideration has been given to the formation efficiency and possible toxicity of its photoproducts. In degassed THF (THF) solution, we isolated the photoproduct of CTL and of its 25-hydroxy derivative (HOCTL), and X-ray crystal structures were obtained for HOCTL and the photorearrangement product. The X-ray crystal structure and its 1H NMR spectrum confirm the product structure as a pentacyclic HOCTL isomer. In the presence of air in THF, endoperoxide formation via [2+4] addition of 1O2* across the B ring of CTL or HOCTL becomes the dominant photoreaction. The UV spectrum and decay kinetics of the triplet state of HOCTL, the precursor of 1O2*, are determined by transient absorption spectroscopy. We confirm the proposed structure of the endoperoxide by X-ray crystallog. Kinetics anal. of quantum yields provides rate constants for photophys. and photochem. events.

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences published new progress about Crystal structure. 434-16-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C27H44O, Related Products of 434-16-2.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts