Author: tianli

Efficacy and safety of ospemifene in postmenopausal women with moderate-to-severe vaginal dryness: a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. was written by Archer, David F;Goldstein, Steven R;Simon, James A;Waldbaum, Arthur S;Sussman, Steven A;Altomare, Corrado;Zhu, Julie;Yoshida, Yuki;Schaffer, Sam;Soulban, Graziella. And the article was included in Menopause (New York, N.Y.) in 2019.Recommanded Product: (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol This article mentions the following:

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ospemifene for the treatment of moderate to severe vaginal dryness in postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA). METHODS: This 12-week, multicenter, double-blind phase 3 study randomized postmenopausal women (aged 40-80 years) with VVA and moderate to severe vaginal dryness as their most bothersome symptom to daily oral ospemifene 60 mg or placebo. Coprimary efficacy endpoints included changes from baseline to week 12 in percentages of vaginal parabasal and superficial cells, vaginal pH, and vaginal dryness severity with ospemifene versus placebo; other secondary endpoints were evaluated (weeks 4, 8, and 12). Safety was assessed by treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and endometrial biopsies. RESULTS: Women (n = 631; ospemifene [n = 316], placebo [n = 315]) had a mean age of 59.8 years, a mean body mass index of 27.2 kg/m, and most were white. Ospemifene significantly improved (P < 0.0001) the percentages of parabasal and superficial cells, vaginal pH, and severity of vaginal dryness severity compared with placebo at week 12; significant between-group differences were noted by week 4. Secondary endpoints of dyspareunia (P < 0.001), maturation value (P < 0.0001), and the Female Sexual Function Index (P < 0.05) also significantly improved with ospemifene versus placebo at week 12. Significantly more women responded (31.5% vs 6.0%; P < 0.0001) or were satisfied (49.2% vs 33.8%; P = 0.0007) with ospemifene versus placebo at week 12. No unexpected TEAEs, treatment-related serious TEAEs, thrombotic events, or endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Ospemifene was effective and well tolerated for the treatment of moderate-to-severe vaginal dryness in postmenopausal women with VVA. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Recommanded Product: (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Recommanded Product: (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Study of Mesalazine Solubility in Ternary Mixtures of Ethanol, Propylene Glycol, and Water at Various Temperatures was written by Rahimpour, Elaheh;Martinez, Fleming;Hemmati, Salar;Ramezani, Amir M.;Jouyban, Abolghasem. And the article was included in Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Philadelphia, PA, United States) in 2022.Product Details of 57-55-6 This article mentions the following:

Mesalazine is a low-permeable and low-soluble drug, which makes it a class IV drug in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Hence, its solubilization can be helpful for various stages of formulation development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the solubilization manner and thermodn. of mesalazine in ternary solvent combinations of {ethanol (1) + propylene glycol (2) + water (3)} using the shake-flask technique at (298.2-313.2) K. In the following, the math. representation of the acquired solubility data using some popular models was evaluated. The accuracies of the applied models were described by percentages of mean relative deviation (MRD%). Based on obtained results (MRD% < 10.0), it can be concluded that the trained models can adequately predict the solubility of mesalazine in the investigated ternary solvent combinations. The findings also revealed that the solution composition and temperatures greatly influence the solubility of mesalazine. In addition, the thermodn. characteristics of the mesalazine dissolution process indicate that the mesalazine dissolution process is endothermic and entropy-driven. The generating data in the current work also expands the available solubility database for mesalazine in the solvent mixtures In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6Product Details of 57-55-6).

1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Product Details of 57-55-6

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
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Concise synthesis of JN403, a novel nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 selective agonist was written by Jiang, Xinglong;Prasad, Kapa;Repic, Oljan. And the article was included in Synthetic Communications in 2009.Recommanded Product: 171032-87-4 This article mentions the following:

A three-step method for the synthesis of JN403 HCl salt (I) was developed, starting from alc. 3 and resulting in an overall yield of 50%. A key feature of the present study is the need to use a strong base such as n-butyllithium for neutralizing the HCl salt of II during its condensation with III. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4Recommanded Product: 171032-87-4).

(S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Recommanded Product: 171032-87-4

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
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Biochemical characterization of apple slices dried using low temperature and stored in modified atmosphere packaging was written by Cozzolino, Rosaria;Palumbo, Michela;Cefola, Maria;Capotorto, Imperatrice;Linsalata, Vito;Forte, Giovanna;Petriccione, Milena;De Giulio, Beatrice;Pace, Bernardo. And the article was included in Journal of Food Composition and Analysis in 2022.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Apple slices (Pinova cv) dried at mild temperature (40°C), compared to 65°C dried slices, are enriched (up to about 50%) in polyphenols (e.g., catechin, epicatechin, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin derivatives). Chem. (dipping solutions) and phys. (packaging) treatments are key in controlling the enzymic browning of dried apple slices and maintain their nutritional content. In the present study we investigated the effects of dipping and packaging on the physicochem. properties of dried apple slices. Specifically, apple slices dried at 40°C were comparatively dipped in 1% calcium citrate (CC) or 1% citric acid (CA) and stored in active modified atm. (a-MA) or in passive (p-MA) for 100 days. A mild drying approach combined with dipping in CC and a-MA preservation, produced high quality dried apple slices, both in terms of sensory characteristics and color retention. Remarkably, upon this treatment, fruits exhibited an enhanced volatile profile that correlated with fresh and fruity apple notes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Oct-1-en-3-ol (cas: 3391-86-4Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

Oct-1-en-3-ol (cas: 3391-86-4) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
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Interaction between iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NPs) and human neutrophils: Evidence that Fe₃O₄ NPs possess some pro-inflammatory activities was written by Saafane, Abdelaziz;Girard, Denis. And the article was included in Chemico-Biological Interactions in 2022.SDS of cas: 10083-24-6 This article mentions the following:

Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) are important for different medical applications. However, potential toxicity has been reported and several parameters must still be studied to reach highest therapeutic efficacy with minimal undesired effects. Inflammation is one of the most reported undesired effects of NP exposure in a variety of inflammatory models and conflicting data exist regarding whether Fe3O4 NPs possess pro- or anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to determine the direct effect of Fe₃O₄ NPs on the biol. of neutrophil, a key player cell in inflammation. Freshly isolated human neutrophils were incubated in vitro with Fe₃O₄ NPs, and several functions have been studied. Using transmission electronic microscopy, Fe₃O₄ NPs were found to be ingested by neutrophils. These NPs do not induce a respiratory burst by themselves, but they increase the ability of neutrophils to adhere onto human endothelial cells as well as enhance phagocytosis. An antibody array approach revealed that Fe₃O₄ NPs induce the production of some cytokines, including the chemokine IL-8 (CXCL8), which was confirmed by ELISA. Fe3O4NPs were found to delay spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis regardless of sex of the donor. Using a pharmacol. approach, we demonstrate that Fe₃O₄ NPs delay apoptosis by a de novo protein synthesis-dependent mechanism and via different cell signalling pathways. The data indicate thatFe₃O₄ NPs can alter the biol. of human neutrophils and that they possess some pro-inflammatory effects, particularly based on their capacity to delay apoptosis and to induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, Fe₃O₄ NPs can regulate inflammation by targeting human neutrophil functions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6SDS of cas: 10083-24-6).

(E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.SDS of cas: 10083-24-6

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Bromine Substitution of Organic Modifiers Fixed on a Titanium(IV) Oxide Photocatalyst: A New Strategy Accelerating Visible Light-Induced Hydrogen-Free Hydrogenation of Furfural to Furfuryl Alcohol was written by Yamamoto, Yuhei;Toda, Hibiki;Tanaka, Atsuhiro;Kominami, Hiroshi. And the article was included in ChemCatChem in 2022.Formula: C7H7ClO This article mentions the following:

Titanium(IV) oxide (TiO₂) modified with 2,3-naphthalenediol (NDO) works as a photocatalyst for some reactions under irradiation of visible light. We prepared and characterized nine kinds of organically modified TiO₂ (OM/TiO₂) and used OM/TiO₂ for chemoselective hydrogenation of furfural (FAL) to furfuryl alc. (FOL) under irradiation of visible light without the use of hydrogen gas. All OM/TiO₂ prepared in this study produced FOL and a linear relation between the reaction rate and amount of FAL adsorbed on the OM/TiO₂ was observed Among them, OM/TiO₂ having bromine (Br)-substituted NDO exhibited larger reaction rates and the rate increased with an increase in the number of Br groups. In the case of the most active 1,4,6-tribromo-2,3-naphthalenediol-modified TiO₂ (TB-NDO/TiO₂), the reaction rate was not dependent on the amount of TB-NDO and the photoabsorption of TB-NDO/TiO₂ but was dependent on the amount of FAL adsorbed on TB-NDO/TiO₂. These results revealed that substitution of hydrogen atoms of organic modifiers with Br is a simple but effective method for increasing the photocatalytic activity. The explored TB-NDO/TiO₂ also showed high performance in H₂-free chemoselective reduction of benzaldehydes having reducible groups to corresponding benzyl alcs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7Formula: C7H7ClO).

(4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Formula: C7H7ClO

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Kinetic analysis of the conversion of aqueous erythritol solution on Ir/ReO_x/TiO₂ in a batch slurry reactor was written by Virgilio, Emanuel M.;Sad, Maria E.;Padro, Cristina L.. And the article was included in Applied Catalysis, A: General in 2022.Name: 1,2-Propanediol This article mentions the following:

The influence of temperature, H₂ pressure and erythritol concentration on the hydrogenolysis of erythritol was studied using Ir/ReO_x/TiO₂. Under the conditions used here, four reaction routes coexist: isomerization, dehydration, C-O and C-C hydrogenolysis. The initial rates as well as reaction orders and activation energy were estimated for each pathway. The variation of the hydrogen pressure produced slight changes in the isomerization, dehydration, and C-C hydrogenolysis routes, whereas C-O hydrogenolysis showed order 1 with respect to this reagent. The change in erythritol concentration affected more the dehydration, resulting in a reaction order for this reactant close to 1, while for the other routes the order was close to 0.5. Regarding the influence of the temperature, dehydration of erythritol showed the highest activation energy (212.1 kJ mol^-1) and the isomerization the lowest (20.0 kJ mol^-1). Furthermore, it was found that the ruptures of C-C bonds require higher energy than C-O bonds break. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6Name: 1,2-Propanediol).

1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Name: 1,2-Propanediol

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
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Synthesis, in vitro pharmacology and radiosynthesis of N-(cis-4-fluoromethylcyclohexyl)-4-(1(H)-imidazol-4-yl)piperidine-1-thiocarbonamide (VUF 5000), a potential PET ligand for the histamine H₃ receptor was written by Windhorst, Albert D.;Timmerman, Henk;Menge, Wiro M. P. B.;Leurs, Rob;Herscheid, Jacobus D. M.. And the article was included in Journal of Labelled Compounds & Radiopharmaceuticals in 1999.COA of Formula: C12H23NO3 This article mentions the following:

The synthesis of VUF 5000, a fluorinated analog of the potent (pA₂ value of 8.9 ± 0.1, K_i = 4.3 ± 0.9 nM) histamine H₃ receptor antagonist thioperamide is described. After establishing the H₃ antagonistic activity of VUF 5000, pA₂ value = 9.0 ± 0.2, K_i = 2.3 ±0.5 nM, a four step synthesis for the radiolabelling of VUF 5000 with ¹⁸F (half life 110 min) was developed. Within 4 h of the end of the bombardment, [¹⁸F]VUF 5000 was obtained with an average radiochem. yield of 23% (decay corrected) and a specific activity > 96.2 TBq/μmol (2.6 Ci/μmol). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, tert-Butyl (cis-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl)carbamate (cas: 223131-01-9COA of Formula: C12H23NO3).

tert-Butyl (cis-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl)carbamate (cas: 223131-01-9) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.COA of Formula: C12H23NO3

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
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Visible-light-induced hydrogen evolution from water on hybrid photocatalysts consisting of synthetic chlorophyll-a derivatives with a carboxy group in the 20-substituent adsorbed on semiconductors was written by Hashimoto, Yuki;Suzuki, Hajime;Kondo, Tomoki;Abe, Ryu;Tamiaki, Hitoshi. And the article was included in Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, A: Chemistry in 2022.Quality Control of 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane This article mentions the following:

Chlorophyll (Chl) derivatives have attracted much attention as photosensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells. In contrast, only a few studies have been reported as Chl-based photosensitizers in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water, and therefore systematic studies should be required to obtain the optimal Chl photosensitizers for the photocatalytic water splitting system. In this study, we prepared four carboxylated Chl derivatives with different linkers at the 20-position, and investigated the effects of the linker length and π-conjugation between a chlorin macrocycle and a carboxy anchor. Hydrogen evolution rates on the Pt-loaded TiO₂ adsorbing the Chl derivatives are significantly affected by the kind of linkers. The results indicated that (1) π-conjugation of a chlorin moiety with a carboxy anchor and (2) an appropriate linker length are of great importance to the photocatalytic activity probably due to the balance of electron injection to and back electron transfer from TiO₂. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4Quality Control of 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane).

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Quality Control of 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
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Assessment of defects at tooth/self-adhering flowable composite interface using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) was written by Park, Kyung-Jin;Schneider, Hartmut;Haak, Rainer. And the article was included in Dental Materials in 2015.Reference of 109-17-1 This article mentions the following:

Assessment of adhesive defects of a self-etch adhesive and a self-adhering flowable composite at the tooth/composite interface before and after water storage by optical coherence tomog. (OCT).16 extracted human molars (n = 8 each) with box-shaped, class-V cavities were restored either with an exptl. self-adhering flowable composite (EF, DMG) or with the filling system Adper Prompt L-Pop/Filtek Supreme XT Flowable composite (PLP, 3M ESPE). Restorations of both groups were non-invasively imaged using swept-source OCT before and after storage in water. The OCT signal for adhesive defects at the tooth/composite interface was quantified.At enamel, significantly fewer adhesive defects were detected at EF restorations than at PLP restorations, before water storage (4%/48%, p < 0.001) and thereafter (8%/49%, p < 0.001); in contrast, at dentin more interfacial defects were observed with EF (before water storage: 75%/11%; p < 0.001, after water storage: 77%/52%; p_i = 0.001). In the case of slight initial adhesive defects, water storage caused a statistically verifiable increase in adhesive defects at the enamel interface with EF (before/after storage: 4%/8%; p = 0.023) and at dentin with PLP (before/after storage: 11%/52%; p = 0.008).Given the high proportion of adhesive defects with the exptl. self-adhering flowable composite, its use as the definitive restorative material in class-V cavities must be critically scrutinized and clin. indications must be investigated further with in vitro and in vivo trials. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Reference of 109-17-1).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Reference of 109-17-1

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts