Author: tianli

Identification and characterization of chemical and physical stability of insulin formulations utilizing degraded glycerol after repeated use and storage was written by Sun, Min-Fei;Xu, Youfu;Yuan, Jun-Jie;Fang, Wei-Jie. And the article was included in European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics in 2022.Quality Control of 1,2-Propanediol This article mentions the following:

Insulin treatment is currently considered to be the main strategy for controlling diabetes. Although the recombinant insulin formulation is relatively mature, we found that a batch of insulin formulation exhibited an unusual degradation rate in the stability experiment The main purposes of this article are to identify the root cause for this phenomenon and characterize of chem. and phys. degradation products. We compared the chem. and phys. stability of two batches of insulin formulations prepared sep. with simulated repeated use and freshly opened glycerol. The chem. stability of insulin was identified by liquid chromatog. coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC- MS/MS). Micro-flow imaging (MFI), far-UV CD (Far-UV CD) and Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescent assays were used to reveal protein aggregation and fibrosis. The chem. and phys. stability of the insulin formulation with newly opened glycerol was much better than that with degraded glycerol, and both groups of formulations were extremely sensitive to light. The results indicated that the original batch insulin formulation with abnormal stability was indeed caused by the excipient glycerol after long-term storage and repeated usage. More attention should be paid to the quality changes of excipients during repeated usage and storage of excipients for the practical purpose. Moreover, we have discovered a novel degradation pathway for insulin and peptides in general. In addition, LC-MS/MS results suggested that the N-terminus of insulin B-chain was prone to chem. degradation which enlightens that it could be potentially modified to improve the stability of insulin formulations. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6Quality Control of 1,2-Propanediol).

1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Quality Control of 1,2-Propanediol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Electrochemical Ring-Opening Dicarboxylation of Strained Carbon-Carbon Single Bonds with CO₂: Facile Synthesis of Diacids and Derivatization into Polyesters was written by Liao, Li-Li;Wang, Zhe-Hao;Cao, Ke-Gong;Sun, Guo-Quan;Zhang, Wei;Ran, Chuan-Kun;Li, Yiwen;Chen, Li;Cao, Guang-Mei;Yu, Da-Gang. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2022.Recommanded Product: (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol This article mentions the following:

A novel electrochem. ring-opening dicarboxylation of C-C single bonds in strained rings with CO₂ was reported. Structurally diverse glutaric acid and adipic acid derivatives HO(O)CC(Ar¹)R(CH₂)_nCH(Ar²)C(O)OH (R = H, Me, Ph; Ar¹ = Ph, 3-methylphenyl, 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl, etc.; n = 1, 2; Ar² = Ph, 4-fluorohenyl, 3-methylphenyl) and HO(O)CC(R¹)(R²)CH₂CH(C(O)OR³)C(O)OH [R¹ = H, Me, Ph; R² = 4-tert-butylphenyl, C(O)OEt, 4-chlorophenyl, etc.; R³ = Et, (2S,5S)-5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl, Ph, etc.] are synthesized from substituted cyclopropanes I, II and cyclobutanes III in moderate-to-high yields. In contrast to oxidative ring openings, it is also the first time to realize electro-reductive ring-opening reaction of strained rings, including commercialized ones. Control experiments suggest that radical anions and carbanions might be the key intermediates in this reaction. Moreover, this process features high step and atom economy, mild reaction conditions (1 atm, room temperature), good chemoselectivity and functional group tolerance, low electrolyte concentration, and easy derivatization of products. Furthermore, the polymerization of the corresponding diesters with diols is conducted to obtain a potential UV-shielding material with self-healing function and a fluorine-containing polyester, whose performance tests show a promising application. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5Recommanded Product: (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol).

(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Recommanded Product: (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Scandium Triflate Catalyzed Tandem Transfer Hydrogenation and Cyclization Reaction of o-Aminobenzaldehydes and o-Aminoacetophenone with Alcohols was written by Gou, Bo-Bo;Yang, Sen;Sun, Huai-Ri;Jian, Qing-Song;Sharif, Atif;Zhou, Ling;Chen, Jie. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2021.Quality Control of 2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol This article mentions the following:

An effective Sc-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation and cyclization tandem reaction has been achieved. This process showed excellent functional group compatibility and good yields. A variety of benzoxazines I (R = H, Me; R¹ = H, Me, Et; R² = Me, Ph, naphthalen-1-yl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, etc.; R¹R² = -(CH₂)₅-; R³ = H, F, Cl, Me, Br; R⁴ = H, Me; R⁵ = H, Me, Cl, Br) were produced with primary or secondary alcs. R²(R³)CH₂OH as a hydrogen source. Furthermore, the utility of this newly developed protocol is demonstrated through scaled-up experiment, late-stage modification, and preliminary exploration of enantioselective synthesis. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol (cas: 2968-93-6Quality Control of 2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol).

2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol (cas: 2968-93-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Quality Control of 2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Paired electrolysis enabled annulation for the quinolyl-modification of bioactive molecules was written by You, Shiqi;Ruan, Mengyao;Lu, Cuifen;Liu, Li;Weng, Yue;Yang, Guichun;Wang, Shengchun;Alhumade, Hesham;Lei, Aiwen;Gao, Meng. And the article was included in Chemical Science in 2022.Synthetic Route of C24H23ClO2 This article mentions the following:

A paired electrolysis enabled cascade annulation that enables the efficient synthesis of highly functionalized quinoline-substituted bioactive mols. from readily available starting materials is reported. Using this methodol., two goals, namely, the direct synthesis of quinolines and the introduction of quinoline moieties to bioactive mols., can be simultaneously achieved in one simple operation. The use of electroreduction for the activation of isatin, together with the further anodic oxidation of KI to catalytically result in a cascade annulation, highlight the unique possibilities associated with electrochem. activation methods. This transformation can tolerate a wide range of functional groups and can also be used as a functionalization tactic in pharmaceutical research as well as other areas. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Synthetic Route of C24H23ClO2).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Synthetic Route of C24H23ClO2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Suspect screening of emerging pollutants and their major transformation products in wastewaters treated with fungi by liquid chromatography coupled to a high resolution mass spectrometry was written by Llorca, Marta;Lucas, Daniel;Ferrando-Climent, Laura;Badia-Fabregat, Marina;Cruz-Morato, Carles;Barcelo, Damia;Rodriguez-Mozaz, Sara. And the article was included in Journal of Chromatography A in 2016.Formula: C16H16O3 This article mentions the following:

A new approach for the screening of 33 pharmaceuticals and 113 of their known transformation products in wastewaters is based on the anal. of samples by liquid chromatog. coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) followed by data processing using specific software and manual confirmation. A home-made library was built with the transformation products reported in literature for the target pharmaceuticals after treatment with various fungi. The method was applied to the search of these contaminants in 67 samples generated along treatment of wastewaters with white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. The screening methodol. allowed the detection of different transformation products (TPs) generated from degradation of parent compounds after fungal treatment. This approach can be a useful tool for the rapid screening and tentative detection of emerging contaminants during water treatment in both full and batch-scale studies when pure standards are not available. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid (cas: 59960-32-6Formula: C16H16O3).

2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid (cas: 59960-32-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Formula: C16H16O3

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Mesoporous MCM-41-Supported Chiral Ru-Complex was written by Sarkar, Shaheen M.;Yusoff, Mashitah Mohd.;Rahman, Lutfor Md.. And the article was included in Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Weinheim, Germany) in 2015.Recommanded Product: (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol This article mentions the following:

Chiral N-sulfonyldiamine was successfully anchored on mesoporous MCM-41 silica. The MCM-41-supported chiral N-sulfonyldiamine was used as an efficient heterogeneous chiral ligand in the asym. transfer hydrogenation of ketones. This heterogeneous system offered satisfactory enantioselectivities up to 94% with excellent conversions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9Recommanded Product: (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol).

(R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Recommanded Product: (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Prototypes of nutraceutical products from microparticles loaded with stilbenes extracted from grape cane was written by Avendano-Godoy, Javier;Ortega, Elisa;Urrutia, Manuel;Escobar-Avello, Danilo;Luengo, Javiana;von Baer, Dietrich;Mardones, Claudia;Gomez-Gaete, Carolina. And the article was included in Food and Bioproducts Processing in 2022.Recommanded Product: 10083-24-6 This article mentions the following:

Grape canes (Vitis vinifera L.) are an important source of bioactive stilbenes, but they are considered a pruning residue. Despite the potential advantages for human health, the low aqueous solubility and stability limits their usage in com. goods. This research aimed to improve knowledge about the solubility and stability of the main stilbenes present in important residues of the wine industry, such as grape canes (V. vinifera L. cv Pinot Noir), through the formation of inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins (CDs) and subsequent polymeric microencapsulation. The formation of inclusion complexes between stilbenes presents in grape cane extracts and 15 mM hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) increased the aqueous solubility of (E)-resveratrol, (E)-ε-viniferin and (E)-piceatannol by 2.8, 5.4 and 1.9 times, resp. The microencapsulation (by spray drying) of the inclusion complexes using maltodextrin (MD) (10% w/v) allowed us to improve the stability of the stilbenes, obtaining a retention percentage of 81.9 ± 2.2% after 60 min of UV irradiation (254 nm). The lower size microparticles (MPs) formulation was 10.9 ± 0.9 μm and had a stilbene loading of 0.61 ± 0.01 mg/100 mg of MPs. The prototype tablets and capsules made from the MPs presented suitable characteristics for their eventual use. The microencapsulation of inclusion complexes between stilbenes presents in grape cane extracts and HP-β-CD, using MD as a matrix component, is useful to increase the solubility and stability of stilbenes. The prepared MPs can be used for the development of nutraceutical products. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6Recommanded Product: 10083-24-6).

(E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Recommanded Product: 10083-24-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential oil of Olax acuminata was written by Chetia, Bolin;Phukan, Alakesh. And the article was included in Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants in 2014.SDS of cas: 2451-01-6 This article mentions the following:

In the present study, chem. composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Olax acuminata was investigated. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). α-Terpineol (11.5 %) was the major component of the essential oil of O. acuminata. Further the antioxidant activity of the essential oil of the leaves of the plant was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radical scavenging assay. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6SDS of cas: 2451-01-6).

rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.SDS of cas: 2451-01-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of some 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives against human cervical cancer cells was written by Kacmaz, Aysecik;Deniz, Nahide Gulsah;Aydinli, Serdar Goksin;Sayil, Cigdem;Onay-Ucar, Evren;Mertoglu, Elif;Arda, Nazli. And the article was included in Open Chemistry in 2019.Reference of 29364-29-2 This article mentions the following:

In the course of biol. properties of quinone derivatives, the N(H)-, S- and S,S-substituted-1,4-naphthoquinones were synthesized by reactions of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone with different amines (2-morpholinoaniline, tert-Bu 4-aminobenzoate, 4-tertbutylbenzylamine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-pipecoline, 2-amino-5,6-dimethylbenzothiazole, N,N’-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine) and thiolate (sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate). The antiproliferative activities of these compounds against human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells were evaluated by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Although all derivatives inhibited cell growth, the most active compound was 2-(tert-butylthio)-3-chloronaphthalene-1,4-dione (IC₅₀ = 10.16μM) against the HeLa cells. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2Reference of 29364-29-2).

Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Reference of 29364-29-2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Self-healing and printable elastomer with excellent shear stiffening and magnetorheological properties was written by Ding, Li;Zhang, Shuaishuai;Wang, Qi;Wang, Yu;Xuan, Shouhu;Gong, Xinglong;Zhang, Dongsheng. And the article was included in Composites Science and Technology in 2022.Recommanded Product: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) This article mentions the following:

This work reports a novel kind of hybrid magnetorheol. elastomer (HMRE) that possesses multi-functions including excellent shear stiffening and magnetorheol. (MR) effects, as well as self-healing and printable abilities. The HMRE materials are prepared by embedding carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) into a blend of silicon rubber (SR) and low crosslinking gel-like polyurethane (PU). The relative shear stiffening effect of HMRE-3:1 (the mass ratio of PU and SR is 3:1, and 50 weight% CIPs) is 6095% as the shear frequency increases from 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz, which is about 150 times that of SR based magnetorheol. elastomer (MRE). With the magnetic flux d. from 0 to 1T, MR effect of isotropic HMRE-3:1 is as high as 266%, which is 3.5 times that of SR based MRE. Notably, HMRE obtains extraordinary mech. and elec. healing capabilities. HMRE with a destructive cut-through injury can sustain an extensibility of 425% (the initial extensibility ∼650%) after healing. Meanwhile, possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the shear stiffening properties, MR effect, and self-healing performance of HMRE. Moreover, the extruded modeling 3D printing of flexible HMRE actuators can be achieved due to the plasticine property of pre-polymerized HMRE, which bestows HMRE with magnetic particle distribution programmability and shape designability. This work may provide a new way for the next-generation multifunctional materials with exceptional shear stiffening behavior, magnetically mech. properties, self-healabilities, and printable performance. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Recommanded Product: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Recommanded Product: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts