High dietary starch impairs intestinal health and microbiota of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides was written by Zhou, Yue-Lang;He, Guang-Lun;Jin, Tao;Chen, Yong-Jun;Dai, Fang-Yin;Luo, Li;Lin, Shi-Mei. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2021.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:
This study focused on the effects of starch levels on growth performance, intestinal dysbiosis and health of Micropterus salmoides. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing different corn starch levels (5%, 10%, 15%) were fed to exptl. fish (initial body weight: 8.66 ± 0.04g) for 8 wk, resp. The results showed that the 15% starch levels suppressed the growth, decreased the height and width of villus and number of goblet cell in midgut compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, plasma endotoxin (PE) and diamine oxidase (DAO) increased significantly with dietary starch levels (P < 0.05). Notably, 15% starch diets up-regulated the expression of Claudin-1 and down-regulated the expression of ZO-1, Claudin-4 and Claudin-5 in intestine (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, fish fed 15% starch diets decreased antioxidant enzyme mRNA levels (Nrf2, CAT and SOD) and activities (SOD and CAT) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). The increased dietary starch levels upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-1β and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β1) (P < 0.05). Addnl., the abundance of intestinal probiotics (such as Lactobacillus) decreased with the increase of dietary starch level (P < 0.05), while abundance of intestinal potentially pathogenic bacteria (such as Brevundimonas and Ralstonia) increased (P < 0.05). Fish fed 15% starch diet had less concentrations of acetate and butyrate in intestinal digesta than the 5% starch group (P < 0.05). These results suggested that 15% starch diets would impair the intestinal health, suppress immune and antioxidant capacity and finally reduced growth of Micropterus salmoides. The imbalances in intestinal microbiota and the reduced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) may be partly responsible for the loss of intestinal function. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).
Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks
Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts