Rhubarb granule promotes diethylnitrosamine-induced liver tumorigenesis by activating the oxidative branch of pentose phosphate pathway via G6PD in rats was written by Huang, Hongwu;Liu, Zhenzhen;Qi, Xiaoru;Gao, Nailong;Chang, Jianguo;Yang, Miaomiao;Na, Sha;Liu, Yanyan;Song, Rui;Li, Lu;Chen, Guangliang;Zhou, Hui. And the article was included in Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 27208-80-6 The following contents are mentioned in the article:
Rhubarb is a natural herbal medicine widely used clin. with numerous pharmacol. activities including anti-cancer. Specifically, several studies reported that free anthraquinones from Rhubarb suppressed the proliferation of hepatoma cells. Nonetheless, recent studies revealed that Rhubarb caused hepatotoxicity in vivo, confirming its “two-way” effect on the liver. Therefore, the efficacy and safety of Rhubarb in the in vivo treatment of liver cancer should be further elucidated. Aim of the study: This study investigated the presence of hepatoprotection or hepatotoxicity of Rhubarb in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. A total of 112 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 190-250 g were enrolled. The rats were induced hepatocarcinogenesis using diethylnitrosamine (0.002 g/rat) until 17 wk. Starting at week 11, Rhubarb granules (4 g/kg and 8 g/kg) were intragastrically administered daily for 7 wk. All rats were euthanized at week 20 and the livers were analyzed via non-targeted metabolomics anal. We established hepatic glucose 6 phosphate (6PG) levels and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities to assess the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). And the liver injuries of rats were analyzed via histol. changes, hepatic function, as well as hepatic protein levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Furthermore, polydatin (0.1 g/kg/d) as a specific inhibitor of G6PD was used to treat rats. Notably, their histol. changes, hepatic function, hepatic 6PG levels, hepatic G6PD activities, PCNA levels, and PKM2 levels were recorded. Non-targeted metabolomics revealed that Rhubarb regulated the PPP in the liver of Rhubarb-DEN-treated rats. Besides, Rhubarb activated the oxidative branch of the PPP by activating G6PD (a rate-limiting enzyme in the oxidative PPP) in the liver of Rhubarb-DEN-treated rats. Meanwhile, Rhubarb promoted DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Moreover, polydatin attenuated the promoting effect of Rhubarb on DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Rhubarb promoted DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by activating the PPP, indicating that the efficacy and safety of Rhubarb in the treatment of liver cancer deserve to be deliberated. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6HPLC of Formula: 27208-80-6).
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.HPLC of Formula: 27208-80-6
Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts