Evaluation of the permeation kinetics of formamide in porcine articular cartilage was written by Dong, Rachael;Clark, Shannon;Laouar, Leila;Heinrichs, Luke;Wu, Kezhou;Jomha, Nadr M.;Elliott, Janet A. W.. And the article was included in Cryobiology in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 1,2-Propanediol This article mentions the following:
Cryopreservation of articular cartilage will increase tissue availability for osteochondral allografting and improve clin. outcomes. However, successful cryopreservation of articular cartilage requires the precise determination of cryoprotectant permeation kinetics to develop effective vitrification protocols. To date, permeation kinetics of the cryoprotectant formamide in articular cartilage have not been sufficiently explored. The objective of this study was to determine the permeation kinetics of formamide into porcine articular cartilage for application in vitrification. The permeation of DMSO was first measured to validate existing methods from our previously published literature. Osteochondral dowels from dissected porcine femoral condyles were incubated in 6.5 M DMSO for a designated treatment time (1 s, 1 min, 2 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, 180 min, 24 h) at 22 °C (N = 3). Methods were then repeated with 6.5 M formamide at one of three temperatures: 4 °C, 22 °C, 37 °C (N = 3). Following incubation, cryoprotectant efflux into a wash solution occurred, and osmolality was measured from each equilibrated wash solution Concentrations of effluxed cryoprotectant were calculated and diffusion coefficients were determined using an anal. solution to Fics law for axial and radial diffusion in combination with a least squares approach. The activation energy of formamide was determined from the Arrhenius equation. The diffusion coefficient (2.7-3.3 x 10-10 m2/s depending on temperature) and activation energy (0.9±0.6 kcal/mol) for formamide permeation in porcine articular cartilage were established. The determined permeation kinetics of formamide will facilitate its precise use in future articular cartilage vitrification protocols. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6Application In Synthesis of 1,2-Propanediol).
1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Application In Synthesis of 1,2-Propanediol
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