Pathogenicity of Aeromonas veronii causing mass mortalities of Odontobutis potamophila and its induced host immune response was written by Liu, Guoxing;Li, Jie;Jiang, Ziyan;Zhu, Xinhai;Gao, Xiaojian;Jiang, Qun;Wang, Jun;Wei, Wanhong;Zhang, Xiaojun. And the article was included in Fish & Shellfish Immunology in 2022.COA of Formula: C4H10O4 This article mentions the following:
Aeromonas veronii is a freshwater bacterium associated with many diseases in aquatic animals. However, few cases of A. veronii infection were reported in Odontobutis potamophila, which has been becoming a promising fish species in China in recent years. In this study, the dominant bacteria were isolated from diseased O. potamophila showing signs of hemorrhage on fins, ulceration on the dorsal and abdomen. The representative isolate Stl3-1was identified as A. veronii based on anal. of its morphol., physiol., and biochem. features, as well as 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences. The median lethal dosage (LD50) of the isolate Stl3-1 for O. potamophila was determined as 4.5 x 105 CFU/mL. Histopathol. anal. revealed that the isolate Stl3-1caused considerable histol. lesions in the fish, including tissue cell degeneration, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltrating. Detection of virulence-related genes showed that A. veronii Stl3-1 was pos. for exu, ompA, lip, flaH, hlyA, aer, flgM, tapA, act, flgA, gcaT and flgN. Addnl., quantitive real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was also undertaken to analyzes the host defensive response in O. potamophila infected by A. veronii. The immune-related gene expressions in O. potamophila during exptl. infection were monitored at different point of time, and the results showed that the expression levels of MHC II, Myd88, TLR, and SOD were significantly up-regulated in liver, gill, spleen, and head kidney. The results revealed that A. veronii was a pathogen causing mass mortalities of O. potamophila and will contribute to better understanding the host defensive response against A. veronii infection. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6COA of Formula: C4H10O4).
(2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.COA of Formula: C4H10O4
Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts