Month: January 2023

Synthesis of Anemoclemosides A and B, Two Saponins Isolated from Anemoclema glaucifolium was written by Bouillon, Marc E.;Bertocco, Katia;Bischoff, Laura;Buri, Michelle;Davies, Lucy R.;Wilkinson, Elizabeth J.;Lahmann, Martina. And the article was included in European Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2020.Synthetic Route of C6H14O6 This article mentions the following:

Steroidal and triterpenoid saponins are attractive for their wide-ranging pharmacol. properties. The triterpenoid saponins Anemoclemoside A and B are root constituents of the Chinese folk medicinal plant Anemoclema glaucifolium (Ranunculaceae). Both compounds feature an unusual cyclic acetal linkage to the carbohydrate L-arabinose in its open chain form rather than the typical glycosidic bond present in normal saponins. The straightforward and scalable syntheses of both saponins starting from L-arabinose as well as L-lyxose and L-rhamnose are described. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0Synthetic Route of C6H14O6).

(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Synthetic Route of C6H14O6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Transdermal delivery of poly-hyaluronic acid-based spherical nucleic acids for chemogene therapy was written by Jiang, Kai;Zhao, Di;Ye, Rui;Liu, Xinlong;Gao, Chao;Guo, Yuanyuan;Zhang, Chuan;Zeng, Jian;Wang, Shi;Song, Jie. And the article was included in Nanoscale in 2022.Name: Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate This article mentions the following:

Spherical nucleic acid (SNA), as a good gene delivery system, has a good application prospect for transdermal administration in skin disorder treatment. However, most of the traditional SNA core materials are non-degradable materials, so it is worthy of further research. Herein, we report a spherical nucleic acid based on poly-hyaluronic acid (PHA) for the co-delivery of a typical chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX), and an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) against the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) for the treatment of hypertrophic scars (HS) which are caused by abnormal fibroblast proliferation. Our study showed that PHA-based SNAs simultaneously bearing TIMP-1 ASO and DOX (termed PHAAD) could significantly promote skin penetration, improve the cellular uptake, and effectively down-regulate the TIMP-1 expression and enhance the cytotoxicity of DOX. Moreover, PHAAD nanoparticles facilitated the apoptosis of hypertrophic scar cells, and reduced the burden and progression of hypertrophic scars in a xenografted mouse model without adverse side effects. Thus, our PHA-based SNA represents a new transdermal delivery vehicle for efficient combinatorial chemo and gene therapy, which is expected to treat various skin disorders. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8Name: Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Name: Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Enhancing the thermostability of engineered laccases in aqueous betaine-based natural deep eutectic solvents was written by Varriale, Simona;Delorme, Astrid E.;Andanson, Jean-Michel;Devemy, Julien;Malfreyt, Patrice;Verney, Vincent;Pezzella, Cinzia. And the article was included in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering in 2022.Quality Control of (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol This article mentions the following:

In recent years, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have gained increasing attention as promising nontoxic solvents for biotechnol. applications, due to their compatibility with enzymes and ability to enhance their activity. Betaine-based NADESs at a concentration of 25 wt % in a buffered aqueous solution were used as media to inhibit thermal inactivation of POXA1b laccase and its five variants when incubated at 70 and 90°C. All the tested laccases showed higher residual activity when incubated in NADES solutions, with a further enhancement achieved also for the most thermostable variant. Furthermore, the residual activity of laccases in the presence of NADESs showed a clear advantage over the use of NADESs’ individual components. Mol. docking simulations were performed to understand the role of NADESs in the stabilization of laccases toward thermal inactivation, evaluating the interaction between each enzyme and NADESs’ individual components. A correlation within the binding energies between laccases and NADES components and the stabilization of the enzymes was demonstrated. These findings establish the possibility of preincubating enzymes in NADESs as a facile and cost-effective solution to inhibit thermal inactivation of enzymes when exposed to high temperatures This computer-aided approach can assist the tailoring of NADES composition for every enzyme of interest. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6Quality Control of (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol).

(2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Quality Control of (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Photochemically-Mediated, Nickel-Catalyzed Synthesis of N-(Hetero)aryl Sulfamate Esters was written by Blackburn, J. Miles;Gant Kanegusuku, Anastasia L.;Scott, Georgia E.;Roizen, Jennifer L.. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2019.SDS of cas: 68716-49-4 This article mentions the following:

A general method is described for the coupling of (hetero)aryl bromides with O-alkyl sulfamate esters. The protocol relies on catalytic amounts of nickel and photoexcitable iridium complexes and proceeds under visible light irradiation at ambient temperature This technol. engages a broad range of simple and complex O-alkyl sulfamate ester substrates under mild conditions. Furthermore, it is possible to avoid undesirable N-alkylation, which was found to plague palladium-based protocols for N-arylation of O-alkyl sulfamate esters. These investigations represent the first use of sulfamate esters as nucleophiles in transition metal-catalyzed C-N coupling processes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4SDS of cas: 68716-49-4).

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.SDS of cas: 68716-49-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

The production of acetate derived hydroxyanthraquinones, -dianthrones, -naphthalenes and -benzenes in tissue cultures from Rumex alpinus was written by Van den Berg, A. J. J.;Labadie, R. P.. And the article was included in Planta Medica in 1981.Quality Control of 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methylacetophenone This article mentions the following:

Tissue cultures set up from roots of R. alpinus were grown on Murashige and Skoog’s medium with kinetin and either 2,4-D or NAA as growth factors. The 2,4-D cultures produced a broader spectrum of hydroxyanthracene, hydroxynaphthalene, and hydroxybenzene derivatives than the NAA cultures. In the 2,4-D cultures the anthraquinones chrysophanol, physcion, and emodin, the dianthrones of chrysophanol and physcion and their heterodianthrone, and the monoglucoside of chrysophanol were identified. Also the naphthalene-1,8-diols nepodin, nepodin monoglucoside, and methoxynepodin were identified. The occurrence of 2-acetyl-orcinol and its monoglucoside was also established. In the NAA cultures accumulation of only chrysophanol, physcion, and 2-acetyl-orcinol could be proved. The yields of these secondary metabolites produced in the NAA cultures were much lower than those produced by the 2,4-D cultures. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methylacetophenone (cas: 1634-34-0Quality Control of 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methylacetophenone).

2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methylacetophenone (cas: 1634-34-0) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Quality Control of 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methylacetophenone

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Site-Selective Acylation of Phenols Mediated by a Thioacid Surrogate through Sodium Thiosulfate Catalysis was written by Liao, Wei-Jr;Lin, Sih-Yu;Kuo, Yu-Shan;Liang, Chien-Fu. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2022.Name: (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol This article mentions the following:

Sodium thiosulfate was used as the sulfur source that reacts with anhydrides to generate acyl-Bunte salts, after which a reaction with phenols was induced. This protocol can be applied for the site-selective acylation of the phenolic hydroxyl group in the presence of other alc. groups. The advantages of this acylation method are operational simplicity, high efficiency, and the use of odorless reagents with low toxicity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7Name: (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol).

(4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Name: (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Comparison of the Effects of Resveratrol and Its Derivatives on the Radiation Response of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells was written by Komorowska, Dominika;Gajewska, Agnieszka;Hikisz, Pawel;Bartosz, Grzegorz;Rodacka, Aleksandra. And the article was included in International Journal of Molecular Sciences in 2021.Related Products of 10083-24-6 This article mentions the following:

Radiotherapy is among the most important methods for breast cancer treatment. However, this method’s effectiveness is limited by radioresistance. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the stilbene derivatives piceid, resveratrol, and piceatannol have a radiosensitizing effect on breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The conducted research enabled us to determine which of the tested compounds has the greatest potential in sensitizing cells to ionising radiation (IR). Among the stilbene derivatives, resveratrol significantly increased the effect of IR. Resveratrol and IR used in combination had a higher cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells than using piceatannol, piceid, or radiation alone. This was due to a significant decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which resulted in the accumulation of formed reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effect of resveratrol and IR enhanced the expression of apoptotic genes, such as Bax, p53, and caspase 8, leading to apoptosis. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6Related Products of 10083-24-6).

(E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Related Products of 10083-24-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis and properties of poly(ethylene-co-diethylene glycol 2,5-furandicarboxylate) copolymers was written by Meng, Hongxu;Li, Zhisong;Wu, Linbo;Li, Bo-Geng;Hu, Yumiao;Wang, Kecheng. And the article was included in Journal of Applied Polymer Science in 2022.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) is a biobased polyester with high gas barrier properties, tensile modulus, and strength. In PEF chain, in addition to ethylene furandicarboxylate repeat unit, there is also a small amount of diethylene glycol furandicarboxylate (DF) unit which is formed by etherification side reactions. However, the effect of DF unit in a wide composition range on polymer properties is still unclear. In this study, random poly(ethylene-co-diethylene glycol 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEDF) copolymers were synthesized via melt copolycondensation of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. The copolymers were characterized and evaluated by intrinsic viscosity, ¹H NMR, thermal transition, thermogravimetric anal., tensile, impact, and O₂ penetration tests. The copolymers are amorphous in the full composition range. The presence of less than 58 mol% DF unit in PEDFs neither improves the tensile ductility nor deteriorates the oxygen barrier performance, but reduces the glass transition temperature clearly. In comparison with poly(ethylene terephthalate), the PEDF copolymers containing <58 mol% DF unit have higher tensile modulus, strength, and O₂ barrier properties. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Marine antifouling performance of polymer coatings incorporating zwitterions was written by Ventura, Claudia;Guerin, Andrew J.;El-Zubir, Osama;Ruiz-Sanchez, Antonio J.;Dixon, Luke I.;Reynolds, Kevin J.;Dale, Marie L.;Ferguson, James;Houlton, Andrew;Horrocks, Benjamin R.;Clare, Anthony S.;Fulton, David A.. And the article was included in Biofouling in 2017.Computed Properties of C16H26O7 This article mentions the following:

Zwitterionic materials display antifouling promise, but their potential in marine anti-biofouling is still largely unexplored. This study evaluates the effectiveness of incorporating small quantities (0-20% on a molar basis) of zwitterions as sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) or carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA) into lauryl methacrylate-based coatings whose relatively hydrophobic nature encourages adhesion of the diatom Navicula incerta, a common microfouling organism responsible for the formation of ‘slime’. This approach allows potential enhancements in antifouling afforded by zwitterion incorporation to be easily quantified. The results suggest that the incorporation of CBMA does provide a relatively minor enhancement in fouling-release performance, in contrast to SBMA which does not display any enhancement. Studies with coatings incorporating mixtures of varying ratios of the cationic monomer [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride and the anionic monomer (3-sulfopropyl)methacrylate, which offer a potentially lower cost approach to the incorporation of anionic and cationic charge, suggest these monomers impart little significant effect on biofouling. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Computed Properties of C16H26O7).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Computed Properties of C16H26O7

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hybrid responsive hydrogel carriers for oral delivery of low molecular weight therapeutic agents was written by Caldorera-Moore, M.;Maass, K.;Hegab, R.;Fletcher, G.;Peppas, N.. And the article was included in Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology in 2015.Related Products of 109-17-1 This article mentions the following:

Hydrogels have been influential in the development of controlled release systems for a wide variety of therapeutic agents. These materials are attractive as carriers for transmucosal and intracellular drug delivery because of their inherent biocompatibility, tunable physicochem. properties, basic synthesis, and ability to be physiol. responsive. Due to their hydrophilic nature, hydrogel-based carrier systems are not always the best systems for delivery of small mol. weight, hydrophobic therapeutic agents. In this work, versatile hydrogel-based carriers composed of copolymers of Me methacrylate (MMA) and acrylic acid (AA) were designed and synthesized to create formulations for oral delivery of small mol. weight therapeutic agents. Through practical material selection and careful design of copolymer composition and mol. architecture, we engineered systems capable of responding to physiol. changes, with tunable physicochem. properties that are optimized to load, protect, and deliver their payloads to their intended site of action. The synthesized carriers’ ability to respond to changes in pH, to load and release small mol. weight drugs, and biocompatibility were investigated. Our results suggest these hydrophilic networks have great potential for controlled delivery of small-mol. weight, hydrophobic and hydrophilic agents. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Related Products of 109-17-1).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Related Products of 109-17-1

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts