Month: January 2023

Biotransformation of Citrus sinensis peel oil and commercial limonene by various fungi and Musa paradisiaca stem enzyme extract was written by Singh, Gurdip;Kapoor, I. P. S.;Kaur, Jaspreet;Singh, O. P.;Vernwal, S. K.;Yadav, R. S. S.;Rao, G. P.;Sharma, S. R.;Leclercq, P. A.;Klinkby, Naja. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences in 2002.SDS of cas: 2451-01-6 This article mentions the following:

The essential oil extracted from peel of Citrus sinensis and com. limonene were subjected to biotransformation by various fungi such as Epicocum nigrum, Colletotrichum falcatum, Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, Trichothecium roseum, Curvularia pallescens and an enzyme extract from Musa paradisiaca stem and their chem. composition has been investigated by HPLC and GC-MS anal. Most of the hydrocarbons of C. sinensis oil were found to be partially oxidized/hydroxylated to alcs. by E. nigrum, Musa paradisiaca enzyme acts as ligases/peroxidases and oxidizes terpene hydrocarbons to oxygenated monoterpenes and higher carboxylic acids and an unknown component I. The chem. composition of com. limonene (E-merck) and biotransformed limonene has also been investigated by HPLC and GC-MS techniques. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6SDS of cas: 2451-01-6).

rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.SDS of cas: 2451-01-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

High-carbohydrate diet altered conversion of metabolites, and deteriorated health in juvenile largemouth bass was written by Zhao, Liulan;Liao, Lei;Tang, Xiaohong;Liang, Ji;Liu, Qiao;Luo, Wei;Adam, Ahmed Abdi;Luo, Jie;Li, Zhiqiong;Yang, Song;Rahimnejad, Samad. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2022.COA of Formula: C18H32CaN2O10 This article mentions the following:

To explore the effects of dietary carbohydrate level on nutrients metabolism, largemouth bass juveniles (initial weight, 4.0 ± 0.2 g) were fed three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing 9.66% (L), 14.32% (M) or 19.11% (H) carbohydrate for 8 wk. The lowest weight gain (15.75 ± 0.76 g) was observed in group H. Feeding high carbohydrate diet (HCD) led to increased pyruvate (PA), lactic acid (LD), triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acids (NEFA) levels in plasma. Also, HCD enhanced vacuolation, glycogen granule and lipid accumulation in fish liver. Activities of hepatic glycolysis enzymes such as hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase did not significantly differ among treatments (P > 0.05). HCD resulted in enhancement of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and lipase (LPS) activities, and increased glycogen and triglyceride (TG) concentrations Similarly, expression of glucose and lipid metabolism related genes such as glycogen phosphorylase (PYG) and carnitine palmitoyl transferases (CPT1, CPT2) were up-regulated with increasing carbohydrate level. Hepatic catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were decreased in HCD group. UPLC-MS metabolomics revealed that glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant defense system were influenced by dietary carbohydrate level. HCD raised the accumulation of carbohydrate metabolites (phosphohydroxypyruvic acid), unsaturated fatty acids (19(R)-HETE, 9(S)-HPOT, alpha-Linolenic acid and oleic acid), cholesterol, and antioxidant functional substance (oxidized glutathione). Addnl., these differential metabolites were enriched in the metabolic pathways such as galactose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, primary bile acid biosynthesis, cholesterol-butyrate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, serine and threonine metabolism Overall, our results revealed the details of metabolites conversion in juvenile largemouth bass fed HCD. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6COA of Formula: C18H32CaN2O10).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.COA of Formula: C18H32CaN2O10

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Derivatives of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene. III. The synthesis of dill apiole and the extension of the Dakin reaction was written by Baker, Wilson;Jukes, E. H. T.;Subrahmanyam, C. A.. And the article was included in Journal of the Chemical Society in 1934.Formula: C7H6O3 This article mentions the following:

1,2,3,4-(HO)₂C₆H₂(OMe)₂ (I) is obtained in 5 g. yield by oxidizing 9.8 g. gallacetophenone 3,4-di-Me ether in 10% NaOH with 75 cc. 3% H₂O₂. I and allyl bromide in Me₂CO-K₂CO₃ give an allyl ether, rearranged on heating to the 5-allyl derivative of I, b₁₄ 160-73° (impure), which reacted with CH₂I₂ in Me₂CO-K₂CO₃ to give dill apiole (1,2-methylenedioxy-3,4-dimethoxy – 5 – allylbenzene), b₁₆ 172-3°. 1,2,3,4-Tetramethoxy-5-allylbenzene, b₁₂ 145°, m. 26°. 1,2,3-C₆H₃(OH)₃, (CH₂Br₂ and K₂CO₃, refluxed for 30 hrs., give pyrogallol methylene ether, m. 65°. 7-Methoxy-8-acetyl-2-methylchromone, m. 161-2°, in quant. yield from the 7-HO derivative; this could not be hydrolyzed to the mono-Me ether or 2,4-diacetylresorcinol. 2,4-(HO)₂C₆H₃COCH₂Ph is oxidized by 3% H₂O₂ in N NaOH in an inert atm., giving 95% of PhCH₂CO₂H and 1,2,4-C₆H₃(OMe)₃; 2,4-(HO)₂C₆H₃COCH₂C₆H₄OMe-p (ononetin) gives 60% of p-MeOC₆H₄CH₂CO₂H; homopiperonylresacetophenone gives 90% of β-piperonylpropionic acid; 2,4-HO(MeO)C₆H₃COCH₂Ph gives 50% of PhCH₂CO₂H. Thus the Dakin reaction appears to be general. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-4-ol (cas: 69393-72-2Formula: C7H6O3).

Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-4-ol (cas: 69393-72-2) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Formula: C7H6O3

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Methane recovery from marine gas hydrates: A bench scale study in presence of low dosage benign additives was written by Bhattacharjee, Gaurav;Choudhary, Nilesh;Barmecha, Vivek;Kushwaha, Omkar S.;Pande, Nawal K.;Chugh, Parivesh;Roy, Sudip;Kumar, Rajnish. And the article was included in Applied Energy in 2019.Quality Control of rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate This article mentions the following:

De-pressurization is one approach which has been found to be economically feasible for methane recovery from marine hydrates. Hydrate dissociation being an endothermic process suggests that de-pressurization alone would not be sufficient and some addnl. stimulation would be required for sustained production from one such reservoir. Thermal stimulation may overcome the challenge posed by the endothermic dissociation process; however, economically it may not be ideal. A possible way out is to use thermal stimulation, but at relatively low temperatures as compared to conventional practice. This would be economical and can be accomplished in the presence of small doses of additives mixed in with the water stream used for thermal stimulation. In the present study, a number of benign additives were identified which when used in low concentrations enhance the kinetics of methane hydrate dissociation compared to pure water. Additives were first shortlisted from a wide potential pool using quantum mech. calculations These additives were later tested for their efficacy in stirred tank reactor to quickly identify the best additives for the job and few selected additives were then studied in a larger bench scale setup (fixed bed configuration) where they were injected in the form of an additive-water stream to dissociate already formed hydrates. Factors such as toxicity of the additive, fluidity of additive-water stream, foam formation on mixing of additive with water, etc. were also taken into account. An energy and efficiency anal. revealed that reported additives enhance the energy ratio and thermal efficiency of the process as compared to pure water stimulation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6Quality Control of rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate).

rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Quality Control of rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Bioconversion of acetophenones by marine fungi isolated from marine algae Bostrychia radicans and Sargassum sp. was written by Mouad, Ana Maria;Martins, Mariana Provedel;Romminger, Stelamar;Seleghim, Mirna Helena Regali;Leandrini de Oliveira, Ana Ligia;Debonsi, Hosana Maria;Yokoya, Nair Sumie;Fujii, Mutue Toyota;Passarini, Michel Rodrigo Zambrano;Bonugli-Santos, Rafaella Costa;Sette, Lara Duraes;Porto, Andre Luiz Meleiro. And the article was included in Current Topics in Biotechnology in 2012.HPLC of Formula: 171032-87-4 This article mentions the following:

The bioconversion of acetophenone derivatives 1-6 was investigated using whole cells of marine fungi Botryosphaeria sp. Br-09, Eutypella sp. Br-023, Hydropisphaera sp. Br-27 and Xylaria sp. Br-61 isolated from the red alga Bostrychia radicans and Arthopyrenia sp. SGPY-41, Penicillium sp. SMA2-8, Pestalotiopsis sp. SMA2-C isolated from brown alga Sargassum sp. Asym. reduction produced the enantiopure (R)- or (S)-alcs. 7-12 with high enantiomeric excess (>99 % ee). This study describes the first investigation with marine-derived fungi recovered from algae for biocatalytic reduction The fungus Botryosphaeria sp. Br-09 showed excellent reductions for ortho-acetophenone derivatives 1-6. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4HPLC of Formula: 171032-87-4).

(S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.HPLC of Formula: 171032-87-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

1,5-Migration of rhodium via C-H bond activation in catalytic decyanative silylation of nitriles was written by Tobisu, Mamoru;Hasegawa, Junya;Kita, Yusuke;Kinuta, Hirotaka;Chatani, Naoto. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2012.Quality Control of (3,4,5-Trifluorophenyl)methanol This article mentions the following:

Unprecedented aryl-to-aryl 1,5-rhodium migration is involved in decyanative silylation of aryl cyanides bearing a tethered arene. The 1,5-migration proceeds through remote C-H bond activation. 1,5-Migration also occurs in other rhodium-catalyzed reactions, including borylation and oxidative Mizoroki-Heck reactions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (3,4,5-Trifluorophenyl)methanol (cas: 220227-37-2Quality Control of (3,4,5-Trifluorophenyl)methanol).

(3,4,5-Trifluorophenyl)methanol (cas: 220227-37-2) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Quality Control of (3,4,5-Trifluorophenyl)methanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Tough and Three-Dimensional-Printable Poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate)-Silica Composite Elastomer with Antiplatelet Adhesion Property was written by Asai, Fumio;Seki, Takahiro;Sugawara-Narutaki, Ayae;Sato, Kazuhide;Odent, Jeremy;Coulembier, Olivier;Raquez, Jean-Marie;Takeoka, Yukikazu. And the article was included in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2020.SDS of cas: 4074-88-8 This article mentions the following:

Poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA) has attracted attention as a biocompatible polymer that is used as an antithrombotic coating agent for medical devices, such as during artificial heart and lung fabrication. However, PMEA is a viscous liquid polymer with low T_g, and its phys. strength is poor even if a cross-linker is used, so it is difficult to make tough and freestanding objects from it. Here, we design and fabricate a biocompatible elastomer made of tough, self-supporting PMEA-silica composites. The toughness of the composite elastomer increases as a function of silica particle filling, and its stress at break is improved from 0.3 to 6.7 MPa. The fracture energy of the composite elastomer with 39.5 vol % silica particles is up to 15 times higher than that of the cross-linked PMEA with no silica particles and the material demonstrates stress-strain behavior that is similar to that of biol. soft tissue, which exhibits nonlinear elasticity. In addition, the composite elastomer shows the potential to be an antithrombotic property, while the results of the platelet adhesion test of the composite elastomer show that the number of adhered platelets is not significantly affected by the silica addition As the composite elastomer can be rapidly three-dimensional-printed into complex geometries with high-resolution features, it is expected to contribute to the development of medical devices from readily available materials. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8SDS of cas: 4074-88-8).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.SDS of cas: 4074-88-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Low molecular weight PEI-based polycationic gene vectors via Michael addition polymerization with improved serum-tolerance was written by Xun, Miao-Miao;Xiao, Ya-Ping;Zhang, Ji;Liu, Yan-Hong;Peng, Qi;Guo, Qian;Wu, Wan-Xia;Xu, Yong;Yu, Xiao-Qi. And the article was included in Polymer in 2015.Safety of Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate This article mentions the following:

A series of polycationic gene delivery vectors were synthesized via Michael addition from low mol. weight PEI and linking compounds with various heteroatom compositions Agarose gel electrophoresis results reveal that these polymers can well condense plasmid DNA and can protect DNA from degradation by nuclease. The formed polyplexes, which are stable toward serum, have uniform spherical nanoparticles with appropriate sizes around 200-350 nm and zeta-potentials about +40 mV. In vitro experiments show that these polymers have lower cytotoxicity and higher transfection efficiency than 25 kDa PEI. Furthermore, the title materials exhibit excellent serum tolerance. With the present of 10% serum, up to 19 times higher transfection efficiency than PEI was obtained, and no obvious decrease of TE was observed even the serum concentration was raised to >40%. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy studies also demonstrate the good serum tolerance of the materials. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8Safety of Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Safety of Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Syntheses and fungicidal activities of thiazole-5-carboxanilides bearing thioether group was written by Xue, Hansong;Liu, Aiping;Liu, Weidong;Li, Jianming;Ren, Yeguo;Huang, Lu;He, Lian;Ou, Xiaoming;Ye, Jiao;Huang, Mingzhi. And the article was included in Chemical Research in Chinese Universities in 2016.COA of Formula: C4H9NaS This article mentions the following:

A new series of 2-sulfur substituted thiazole carboxanilides I [R¹ = Me, Et, t-Bu, etc.; R² = CF₃, CH₃; R³ = CF₃, OCF₃; X = H, Cl, Br] was designed and synthesized via reaction between 2-bromo-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid chlorides and substituted anilines followed by treatment with sodium alkyl thiolates. The title compounds I were screened for their fungicidal activities against Rhizoctonia solani. The fungicidal EC₅₀ of compound I [R¹ = Me, R² = R³ = CF₃, X – Cl] against Rhizoctonia solani was 1.28 mg/L, being comparable to that of Thifluzamide. Results indicated that, the most potent compound I [R¹ = Me, R² = R³ = CF₃, X – Cl] could be considered as a lead compound for further research. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2COA of Formula: C4H9NaS).

Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.COA of Formula: C4H9NaS

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis and characterization of hydrogels containing redox-responsive 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy methacrylate and thermoresponsive N-isopropylacrylamide was written by Khodeir, Miriam;Jia, He;Antoun, Sayed;Friebe, Christian;Schubert, Ulrich S.;Lu, Yan;Van Ruymbeke, Evelyne;Gohy, Jean-Francois. And the article was included in Journal of Polymer Science (Hoboken, NJ, United States) in 2020.Electric Literature of C10H14O5 This article mentions the following:

Smart hydrogels containing 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinoxy methacrylate (TEMPO) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) that undergo reversible redox behavior are prepared and investigated. Several polymer networks are first prepared by free-radical copolymerization of varying amounts of TEMPO, NIPAM, and a crosslinker (diethylene glycol diacrylate) and subsequently swelled with water to lead to hydrogels. In order to investigate the effects of the redox activity of TEMPO units and of the lower critical solution temperature of NIPAM on the hydrogel properties, a study of the swelling ratio of the polymer networks in distilled water at different temperatures is performed for the two forms of TEMPO, the reduced (TEMPO) and oxidized (TEMPO+) one. Moreover, the rheol. properties are also measured for both hydrogel forms. Finally, the encapsulation abilities of the oxidized hydrogels are demonstrated via electrostatic interactions between pos. charged TEMPO+ units and neg. charged guest mols., supporting future application of our system in the biomedical and environmental fields. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8Electric Literature of C10H14O5).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Electric Literature of C10H14O5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts