Month: January 2023

Feeding an acetate-based oral electrolyte reduces the ex vivo Escherichia coli growth potential in the abomasum of calves fed oral electrolytes alone or 30 minutes following a milk feeding when compared to feeding a bicarbonate-based oral electrolyte was written by Kasl, B. A.;Machado, V. S.;Henniger, M. T.;Myer, P. R.;Ballou, M. A.. And the article was included in Journal of Dairy Science in 2022.Quality Control of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

Oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are a common, on-farm therapy to reestablish hydration and electrolyte balances in scouring and stressed calves. The objectives were to determine the effects of OES alkalinizing agent and the presence of a milk replacer feeding before OES administration on the abomasal environment in healthy Holstein calves. Abomasum cannulation was performed on 16 Holstein bull calves at 5 d of age. One calf was removed from the study before the calves were randomly assigned to treatments at 9 d of age. Treatments were arranged as a 2-by-2 factorial, with the following factors: oral electrolyte alkalinizing agent acetate (A) or bicarbonate (B)and liquid meal type milk replacer (MR) + OES (MR-A, MR-B), or OES only (OES-A, OES-B). The OES differed only by alkalinizing agent. On d 9, calves assigned to MR-A (n = 4) or MR-B (n = 4) received their morning MR aliquot 0.5 h before feeding 2 L of OES; the OES-A (n = 3) and OES-B (n = 4) treatment groups were fed 2 L of OES only. Peripheral blood samples and postprandial abomasal fluid samples were collected to assess abomasal pH, abomasal emptying rate (AER), and ex vivo abomasal Escherichia coli growth potential. Postprandial pH was greater in calves fed MR or B-based OES. Abomasal emptying rate was slower in calves receiving MR + OES, regardless of the alkalinizing agent. Ex vivo E. coli colony-forming unit counts were greater in calves fed either MR + OES or bicarbonate-based OES. Supplementing bicarbonate OES in addition to MR alters abomasal dynamics and may promote E. coli growth in postprandial abomasal fluid, partially due to sustained elevations in gastric pH and delayed gastric emptying rates. The OES containing sodium acetate limited ex vivo E. coli growth potential in abomasal fluid, thereby potentially reducing the risk of addnl. enteric bacterial complications associated with OES therapy. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Quality Control of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Quality Control of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Biocatalytic reduction of ketones by a semi-continuous flow process using supercritical carbon dioxide was written by Matsuda, Tomoko;Watanabe, Kazunori;Kamitanaka, Takashi;Harada, Tadao;Nakamura, Kaoru. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2003.SDS of cas: 171032-87-4 This article mentions the following:

The immobilized resting-cell of Geotrichum candidum was used as a catalyst for the reduction of a ketone in a semi-continuous flow process using supercritical carbon dioxide for the first time; it was also applied for the asym. reduction of a ketone and resulted in excellent enantioselectivity (ee >99%) and a higher volumetric productivity than that of the corresponding batch process. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4SDS of cas: 171032-87-4).

(S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.SDS of cas: 171032-87-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

One-pot synthesis of pH-sensitive poly(RGD-co-β-amino ester)s for targeted intracellular drug delivery was written by Qiao, Zeng-Ying;Qiao, Sheng-Lin;Fan, Gang;Fan, Yun-Shan;Chen, Yu;Wang, Hao. And the article was included in Polymer Chemistry in 2014.SDS of cas: 4074-88-8 This article mentions the following:

We report a convenient synthetic approach for one-pot preparation of poly(β-amino ester)s copolymerized with peptides. A family of copolymers with tertiary amine groups was synthesized by copolymerizing di(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (DEDA), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), 3-(diethylamino)propylamine (DEPA) and GGRGD peptides using the Michael addition reaction. The hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the resulting copolymers are adjusted by altering the feed ratios of DEDA and PEGDA. The copolymers self-assembled into nanoparticles with sizes around 60-140 nm in aqueous media, which were confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The copolymers exhibit pH sensitive properties upon introduction of DEPA moieties, which were proved by pyrene fluorescence and pH titration measurements. The acid-triggered dissociation behaviors of the nanoparticles were studied by DLS and Nile red (NR) release experiments, revealing that the sizes of dissociated copolymer nanoparticles were closely relevant to their compositions The nanoparticles can load the hydrophobic anticancer drug, i.e., doxorubicin (DOX). The DOX-loaded nanoparticles were stable in a neutral phosphate buffer solution with a payload leakage less than 20% at 37 °C. However, a significant acid-triggered DOX release was accomplished at pH 5.0 with release efficiency up to 60-80%. Because of the decoration of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides onto the poly(β-amino ester)s, the DOX-encapsulated nanoparticles formed by poly(RGD-co-β-amino ester)s can be internalized by cancer cells via an α_vβ₃ integrin-mediated endocytosis pathway and accumulated in the lysosomes that provide an acidic environment to promote the release of DOX. Finally, the DOX-encapsulated copolymer nanoparticles with the targeted RGD peptide exhibited higher efficiency to kill U87 human glioblastoma cancer cells than that without RGD, which was further proved by cellular uptake of DOX-loaded nanoparticles. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8SDS of cas: 4074-88-8).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.SDS of cas: 4074-88-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Long-Term Oral Administration of Piceatannol (3,5,3′,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene) Attenuates Colon Tumor Growth Induced by Azoxymethane Plus Dextran Sulfate Sodium in C57BL/6J Mice was written by Kimura, Yoshiyuki. And the article was included in Nutrition and Cancer in 2022.COA of Formula: C14H12O4 This article mentions the following:

The effects of 3,5,3′,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene (piceatannol) on azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colon cancer growth and changes in IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (cytokines), MCP-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and PD-1 colon levels were investigated herein. AOM (10 mg/kg, i.p.) on day 0 induced colorectal carcinogenesis. On day 3, mice were provided with water containing 1.5% (w/v) DSS ad libitum for 3 day, and this 3-day drinking protocol was repeated twice. Piceatannol (5 and 12.5 mg/kg, twice daily) was orally administered to mice for 7-, 7-, 7-, and 6-day and then discontinued for 14-, 15-, and 16-day. Cytokines, chemokine, and PD-1 colon levels were measured by the resp. ELISA kits. In mice administered piceatannol (12.5 mg/kg), the tumor number, tumor area, and Ki-67-pos. cell numbers decreased by 30.1%, 57.2%, and 89.1%, resp., colon MCP-1 and PD-1 levels showed reductions of 43.8% and 70.9%, resp., and COX-2-pos. cell numbers declined by 60.2%. The inhibitory effects of piceatannol on AOM/DSS-induced colon tumor growth appear to be associated with reductions in colon MCP-1 and PD-1 levels through the downregulated expression of COX-2 in the tumor microenvironment. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6COA of Formula: C14H12O4).

(E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.COA of Formula: C14H12O4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Deracemization of 1-phenylethanols in a one-pot process combining Mn-driven oxidation with enzymatic reduction utilizing a compartmentalization technique was written by Sato, Hirofumi;Yamada, Rei;Watanabe, Yomi;Kiryu, Takaaki;Kawano, Shintaro;Shizuma, Motohiro;Kawasaki, Hideya. And the article was included in RSC Advances in 2022.Recommanded Product: (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol This article mentions the following:

Racemic 1-phenylethanols were converted into enantiopure (R)-1-phenylethanols via a chemoenzymic process in which manganese oxide driven oxidation were coupled with enzymic biotransformation by compartmentalization of the reactions, although the two reactions conducted under mixed conditions were not compatible due to enzyme deactivation by Mn ions. Achiral 1-phenylethanol was oxidized to produce acetophenone in the interior chamber of a polydimethylsiloxane thimble. The acetophenone passes through the membrane into the exterior chamber where enantioselective biotransformation takes place to produce (R)-1-phenylethanol with an enantioselectivity of >99% ee and with 96% yield. The developed sequential reaction could be applied to the deracemization of a wide range of methyl- and chloro-substituted 1-phenylethanols (up to 93%, >99% ee). In addition, this method was applied to the selective hydroxylation of ethylbenzene to afford chiral 1-phenylethanol. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9Recommanded Product: (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol).

(R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Recommanded Product: (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis, in vivo occupancy, and radiolabeling of potent phosphodiesterase subtype-10 inhibitors as candidates for positron emission tomography imaging was written by Andres, Jose-Ignacio;De Angelis, Meri;Alcazar, Jesus;Iturrino, Laura;Langlois, Xavier;Dedeurwaerdere, Stefanie;Lenaerts, Ilse;Vanhoof, Greet;Celen, Sofie;Bormans, Guy. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2011.Name: 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol This article mentions the following:

We have recently reported the phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitor 2-[4-[1-(2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl)-4-pyridin-4-yl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-phenoxymethyl]-quinoline (I) as a promising candidate for in vivo imaging using positron emission tomog. (PET). We now describe the synthesis and biol. evaluation of a series of related pyridinyl analogs II (R¹ = FCH₂CH₂, FCH₂CH₂CH₂, F₃CCH₂; R² = 3,5-di-Me, 5-methoxy, 6-bromo, etc.) that exhibit high potency and selectivity as PDE10A inhibitors. The most interesting compounds were injected in rats to measure their levels of PDE10A occupancy through an in vivo occupancy assay. The 3,5-dimethylpyridine derivative II (R¹ = FCH₂CH₂, R² = 3,5-di-Me) and the 5-methoxypyridine derivative II (R¹ = FCH₂CH₂, R² = 5-methoxy) showed a comparable level of occupancy to that of I. Because these derivatives showed lower in vitro activity and are slightly less lipophilic than I, we hypothesized that they could behave as better PET imaging ligands. Compounds II (R¹ = ¹⁸FCH₂CH₂, R² = 3,5-dimethyl; R¹ = ¹⁸FCH₂CH₂, R² = 5-methoxy; R¹ = FCH₂CH₂, R² = 5-¹¹CH₃O) were radio synthesized and subjected to biodistribution studies in rats for a preliminary evaluation as candidate PET radioligands for in vivo imaging of PDE10A in the brain. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0Name: 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol).

6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Name: 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis and photocrosslinking of disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers for potential reverse osmosis membrane materials was written by Nebipasagil, Ali;Sundell, Benjamin J.;Lane, Ozma R.;Mecham, Sue J.;Riffle, Judy S.;McGrath, James E.. And the article was included in Polymer in 2016.SDS of cas: 4074-88-8 This article mentions the following:

Disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random copolymers with controlled oligomeric mol. weights were synthesized via nucleophilic aromatic substitution step polymerization A monofunctional endcapping reagent, meta-aminophenol, was utilized to control the mol. weight of the oligomers and to install telechelic amine endgroups. The meta-aminophenol end-capped oligomers were reacted with acryloyl chloride to obtain novel crosslinkable poly(arylene ether sulfone) oligomers with acrylamide groups on both ends. The chem. compositions of the functional oligomers were characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy to determine the degree of sulfonation and concentrations of acrylamide endgroups. The acrylamide-terminated oligomers were crosslinked with UV radiation in the presence of a multifunctional acrylate and a UV photoinitiator. Transparent, free-standing, dense films were obtained with high gel fractions. FTIR spectroscopy was utilized to observe the progress of the photo-crosslinking reaction. Thin films were cast from either aqueous or water-methanol solutions The crosslinked disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) networks exhibited reduced water uptake and swelling relative to their linear counterparts. SEM and AFM showed that the photo-crosslinked thin films had smooth surfaces. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8SDS of cas: 4074-88-8).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.SDS of cas: 4074-88-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dethiation of α-methyl and α-phenylmercaptopropionic acid derivatives was written by Hannoun, Mohammad. And the article was included in Megallat Gamiat Al-Nagah Al-Abhat, A: Al-Ulum Al-Tabiiyyat in 2002.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Dethiation of α-(3-benzoylphenyl)-α-Me and α-phenylmercaptopropionic acid with Raney nickel gave 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid (20%), 2-[(3-α-hydroxybenzyl)phenyl]propionic acid (46%) and 2-(3-benzylphenyl)propionic acid (18%), resp. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid (cas: 59960-32-6Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid (cas: 59960-32-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Plant gums of the genus Khaya. Structure of Khaya grandifolia gum was written by Aspinall, G. O.;Hirst, E. L.;Matheson, N. K.. And the article was included in Journal of the Chemical Society in 1956.Electric Literature of C6H14O6 This article mentions the following:

The gum was dissolved in 4% aqueous NaOH, precipitated several times with EtOH, dissolved in dilute HCl, precipitated with EtOH, and reprecipitated from H₂O with (Me)₂CO, yielding a white amorphous powder (I), [α]_D¹⁸ 122° (c 1.88, H₂O); found: equivalent 344 (titration), uronic anhydride 47.2% (decarboxylation), and OMe 1.0%. Hydrolysis of I with N H₂SO₄ at 100° for 6 hrs. showed galactose 16.1, rhamnose 8.2, and arabinose <1%. Oxidation of I with HNO₃ showed 58% of galactose and (or) galactouronic acid residues. Partial hydrolysis of 10 g. of I and fractionation on cellulose gave 0.37 g. L-rhamnose hydrate (II), m. 95°, [α]_D¹⁷ 9.8° (c 4.44, H₂O), 0.023 g. L-arabinose (III), m. 155°, [α]_D¹⁷ 104°, 1.80 g. D-galactose (IV), m. 164°, [α]_D¹⁸ 81°, and Ba salts (V) of acid material. V was left in 4% methanolic HCl overnight, refluxed 7 hrs., neutralized with Ag₂CO₃, reduced with KBH₄, deionized, hydrolyzed with N H₂SO₄ at 100° for 18 hrs., and chromatographed, giving II, 4-O-methylglucose, glucose (trace), and IV. V, 4.0 g., was absorbed on Amberlite IRA-400 (OAc form) and eluded with increasing concentrations of HOAc to give 6 fractions: Fraction 1, 0.172 g. sirup, was acid hydrolyzed and showed II and IV, and IV only after oxidation with Br-H₂O. Fraction 2, 0.731 g. sirup, was acid hydrolyzed, showing II, III, IV, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid; methylation, reduction with LiAlH₄, methylation, hydrolysis, and separation of the sirup on cellulose gave 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose, m. 84°, [α]_D¹⁷ 82° (c 1.12, H₂O), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (VI), [α]_D¹⁸ 97° (c 1.32, H₂O), aniline derivative m. 194°, 3,4-di-O-methyl-L-rhamnose (VII), [α]_D¹⁷ 20° (c 1.42, H₂O), 1,5-lactone derivative m. 80°, 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose (VIII), [α]_D¹⁸ 88° (c 0.5, H₂O), 1,4-lactone derivative m. 96°. Fraction 3, 61 mg. sirup, was hydrolyzed, giving II and IV. Fraction 4, 0.102 g. sirup, contained D-galacturonic acid, converted into mucic acid, m. 220° (decomposition). Fraction 5, 0.528 g. sirup, was hydrolyzed, giving II and IV; a portion treated as in fraction 2 gave VI, VII, and VIII. Fraction 6, 0.65 g., contained II and IV. Methylation of I 6 times with (Me)₂-SO₄-NaOH, 5 times with MeI-Ag₂O, hydrolysis with 2N H₂SO₁ at room temperature for 10 days and at 100° for 20 hrs., and separation on cellulose gave VI, VIII, 3-O-methyl-L-rhamnose (IX), m. 115°, a trace fraction, and a mixture of Ba salts which were treated as above and chromatographed, giving 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose, VIII, IX, and 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-galactose, aniline derivative m. 154°. K. senegalensis gum showed [α]_D¹⁶ 124° (c 0.9, H₂O); found: equivalent 412 (titration), sulfated ash 2.2, OMe 1.2%, and containing the same sugar residues as the above gum but the proportions of uronic and III are different. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0Electric Literature of C6H14O6).

(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Electric Literature of C6H14O6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Studies on the biological activity of some nitrothiophenes was written by Morley, John O.;Matthews, Thomas P.. And the article was included in Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry in 2006.Application In Synthesis of Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate This article mentions the following:

The biol. activity of nineteen substituted thiophenes (3) have been assessed by evaluating the min. inhibitory concentration required to inhibit the growth of E. coli, M. luteus and A. niger. The series displays a wide range of activities with 2-chloro-3,5-dinitrothiophene (3a) or 2-bromo-3,5-dinitrothiophene (3c) showing the highest activity against all three organisms, while the simplest compound of the series, 2-nitrothiophene (3s) shows the smallest activity in each case. The mode of action of 3a and 3c is thought to involve nucleophilic attack by intracellular thiols at the 2-position of the heterocyclic ring leading to displacement of halogen, but other active derivatives, such as 2,4-dinitrothiophene (3h) and 5-nitrothiophene-2-carbaldehyde (3d) which have no displaceable halogen or leaving group are thought to act by forming Meisenheimer complexes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2Application In Synthesis of Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate).

Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Application In Synthesis of Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts