Month: January 2023

Repurposing ospemifene for potentiating an antigen-specific immune response. was written by Kao, Chiao-Jung;Wurz, Gregory T;Lin, Yi-Chen;Vang, Daniel P;Phong, Brian;DeGregorio, Michael W. And the article was included in Menopause (New York, N.Y.) in 2017.Safety of (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol This article mentions the following:

OBJECTIVE: Ospemifene, an estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist approved for the treatment of dyspareunia and vaginal dryness in postmenopausal women, has potential new indications as an immune modulator. The overall objective of the present series of preclinical studies was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ospemifene in combination with a peptide cancer vaccine. METHODS: Immune regulating effects, mechanism of action and structure activity relationships of ospemifene and related compounds were evaluated by examining expression of T-cell activating cytokines in vitro, and antigen-specific immune response and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in vivo. The effects of ospemifene (OSP) on the immune response to a peptide cancer vaccine (PV) were evaluated after chronic [control (n = 22); OSP 50 mg/kg (n = 16); PV (n = 6); OSP+PV (n = 11)], intermittent [control (n = 10); OSP 10 and 50 mg/kg (n = 11); PV (n = 11); combination treatment (n = 11 each dose)] and pretreatment [control; OSP 100 mg/kg; PV 100 μg; combination treatment (n = 8 all groups)] ospemifene oral dosing schedules in a total of 317 mixed-sex tumor-bearing and nontumor-bearing mice. RESULTS: The results showed that ospemifene induced expression of the key TH1 cytokines interferon gamma and interleukin-2 in vitro, which may be mediated by stimulating T-cells through phosphoinositide 3-kinase and calmodulin signaling pathways. In combination with an antigen-specific peptide cancer vaccine, ospemifene increased antigen-specific immune response and increased cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in tumor-bearing and nontumor-bearing mice. The pretreatment, intermittent, and chronic dosing schedules of ospemifene activate naive T-cells, modulate antigen-induced tolerance and reduce tumor-associated, pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, ospemifene’s dose response and schedule-dependent immune modulating activity offers a method of tailoring and augmenting the efficacy of previously failed antigen-specific cancer vaccines for a wide range of malignancies. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Safety of (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Safety of (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Adding an essential oil blend to the diet of juvenile Nile tilapia improves growth and alters the gut microbiota was written by Zaminhan-Hassemer, Micheli;Zagolin, Gustavo Botton;Perazza, Caio Augusto;Aciole Barbosa, David;Menegidio, Fabiano B.;Coutinho, Luiz Lehmann;Tizioto, Polyana;Hilsdorf, Alexandre Wagner Silva. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2022.Safety of 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol This article mentions the following:

In aquaculture, essential oils are considered promising supplements that can improve productive performance and modulate the fish′s microbiota. Here we investigate how a blend of essential oils (carvacrol + thymol + cinnamaldehyde acid) affects the productive performance and the intestinal microbiota of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Thai strain). All fish were randomly distributed into 20 multifilament tanks (10-mm mesh and 2.4 m3 capacity). The exptl. design comprised four treatments and five repetitions, with 20 individuals per exptl. unit, for 60 days. Four diets were evaluated with increasing levels of essential oils (control and 3.3, 6.7, and 10 g kg-1 diet). Supplementation with 3.3 g kg-1 of essential oils improved growth performance compared to the control group. However, no differences were detected among the essential oil-supplemented groups (6.7 and 10 g kg-1). Survival was not different among the four groups. Using a Linear Response Plateau (LRP) model, we calculated maximum levels of 3.4, 3.5, 3.5 and 3.2 g kg-1 of the essential oils blend for final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, and feed conversion, resp. Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria accounted for a high proportion of the species observed in tilapia′s gut microbiota in the control and essential oil-supplemented groups. In both treatments, Candidatus xiphinematobacter (Verrucomicrobia) and Cetobacterium (Fusobacteria) were most predominant at the genus level. Cetobacterium somerae and Lactobacillus zeae were the most abundant species. At the species level, the Shannon index diversity value was higher in the control group than in the essential oil-supplemented groups (P = 0.046719; t = 2.0586). The bacterial community beta diversity anal. revealed an effect of diet on the tilapia′s gut microbiota, demonstrating a distinct grouping among treatments. Linear discriminant anal. (LDA) associated with effect size (LEfSe) identified that microbiota′s differential abundance was significant when comparing the control group and the 3.3 g kg-1 essential oil-supplemented group. The genera Candidatus xiphinematobacter, Staphylococcus, Caldilinea, and Synechococcus were more abundant in the microbiota of essential oil-fed juvenile Nile tilapia the control group. Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus were more predominant in the microbiota of fish from the control group. In conclusion, dietary the carvacrol + thymol + cinnamaldehyde acid blend (3.3 g kg-1) increased the growth performance and modulated the gut microbiota of juvenile Nile tilapia. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2Safety of 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol).

5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Safety of 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Tuning of the redox potential and catalytic activity of a new Cu(II) complex by o-iminobenzosemiquinone as an electron-reservoir ligand was written by Nasibipour, Mina;Safaei, Elham;Wrzeszcz, Grzegorz;Wojtczak, Andrzej. And the article was included in New Journal of Chemistry in 2020.Recommanded Product: 1777-82-8 This article mentions the following:

The synthesis and characterization of a new Cu(II) complex, L^NIS₂Cu^II (L^NIS = o-iminobenzosemiquinone), are reported. X-ray crystallog. studies showed that two o-iminobenzosemiquinone radicals form a distorted square-planar geometry around the Cu(II) center of L^NIS₂Cu^II. Magnetic measurements revealed the paramagnetic character of the complex caused by the presence of three unpaired electrons located on the o-iminobenzosemiquinonate ligands and the Cu^II center. Magnetochem. experiments, and EPR and DFT studies prove that the ground state of the complex is a doublet, which is consistent with the ferromagnetic coupling between Cu(II) and o-iminobenzosemiquinone centers and stronger antiferromagnetic coupling between the iminobenzosemiquinone moieties. The ligand-centered redox reactions of the complex were studied by cyclic voltammetry. Aerobic oxidation of alcs. to aldehydes with TEMPO was studied in the presence of L^NIS₂Cu^II. Furthermore, L^NIS₂Cu^II is an efficient catalyst in homo-coupling of terminal alkynes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 1777-82-8Recommanded Product: 1777-82-8).

(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 1777-82-8) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Recommanded Product: 1777-82-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dealkenylative Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Enabled by Tetrazine and Photoexcitation was written by Chen, Si-Cong;Zhu, Qi;Cao, Yuhui;Li, Chen;Guo, Yinliang;Kong, Lingran;Che, Jinteng;Guo, Zhixian;Chen, Han;Zhang, Nan;Fang, Xianhe;Lu, Jia-Tian;Luo, Tuoping. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2021.Product Details of 68716-49-4 This article mentions the following:

A new and general method to functionalize the C(sp³)-C(sp²) bond of alkyl and alkene linkages has been developed, leading to the dealkenylative generation of carbon-centered radicals that can be intercepted to underwent Ni-catalyzed C(sp³)-C(sp²) cross-coupling. This one-pot protocol leverages the easily procured alkene feedstocks for organic synthesis with excellent functional group compatibility without the need for a photoredox catalyst. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4Product Details of 68716-49-4).

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Product Details of 68716-49-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of indole-3-carboxamides from 2-ethynylanilines and nitroarenes was written by Zhang, Jiangjie;Wang, Shangyuan;Wang, Jian-Shu;Ying, Jun;Wu, Xiao-Feng. And the article was included in Organic Chemistry Frontiers in 2022.Recommanded Product: 2216-51-5 This article mentions the following:

A palladium-catalyzed carbonylative cyclization of 2-ethynylanilines with nitroarenes has been developed for the rapid synthesis of indole-3-carboxamide skeletons. By using nitroarenes as the nitrogen source and Mo(CO)₆ as the CO surrogate, the reaction proceeded smoothly to furnish various indole-3-carboxamide derivatives in moderate to high yields. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5Recommanded Product: 2216-51-5).

(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Recommanded Product: 2216-51-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Concise access to perimidines by palladium (II) complexes via acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols was written by Clinton, Savarimuthu Selvan;Ramesh, Rengan;Malecki, Jan Grzegorz. And the article was included in Applied Organometallic Chemistry in 2022.Formula: C7H7ClO This article mentions the following:

A facile protocol for the one-pot synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidines via dehydrogenative coupling of easily exploitable benzyl alcs. supported by new Pd(II) complexes has been reported. To accomplish the construction of perimidines, a new set of palladium(II) complexes [Pd(L)Cl (PPh₃)] encompassing biphenyl benzhydrazone ligands I has been reported as catalysts. Structural characterization by elemental anal., FT-IR, NMR (¹H and ¹³C), and mass spectral analyses confirmed the composition of synthesized complexes. The mol. structures of complexes I(R = H, OCH₃), were unequivocally resolved using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It reveals that the complex espoused distorted square-planar geometry around Pd(II) ion chelated by azomethine nitrogen and imidolate oxygen of biphenyl benzhydrazone ligands with labile chloride and a triphenylphosphine. Further, the selective synthesis of a broad range of functionalized perimidines has been accomplished via ADC of a variety of alcs. with 1,8-diaminonaphthalene. The palladium complexes mediated catalytic synthesis offered good yields of perimidines up to 86% using only 0.5 mol% catalyst loading. A probable mechanism to the formation of perimidines was postulated from the results of control exptl. investigations. The environmentally compassionate, greener ADC protocol progresses via the generation of aldehyde intermediate and releases only water and hydrogen gas. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7Formula: C7H7ClO).

(4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Formula: C7H7ClO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Behaviour of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in constructed wetland compartments: Influent, effluent, pore water, substrate and plant roots was written by Hijosa-Valsero, Maria;Reyes-Contreras, Carolina;Dominguez, Carmen;Becares, Eloy;Bayona, Josep M.. And the article was included in Chemosphere in 2016.Quality Control of 2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid This article mentions the following:

Seven mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) with different design configurations, dealing with primary-treated urban wastewater, were assessed for the concentration, distribution and fate of ten pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) [ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, salicylic acid, caffeine, carbamazepine, Me dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide] and eight of their transformation products (TPs). Apart from influent and effluent, various CW compartments were analyzed, namely, substrate, plant roots and pore water. PPCP content in pore water depended on the specific CW configuration. Macrophytes can take up PPCPs through their roots. Ibuprofen, salicylic acid, caffeine, Me dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide were present on the root surface with a predominance of galaxolide and caffeine in all the planted systems. Naproxen, ibuprofen, salicylic acid, Me dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide were uptaken by the roots. In order to better understand the removal processes, biomass measurement and biodegradability studies through the characterization of internal-external isomeric linear alkylbenzenes present on the gravel bed were performed. Three TPs namely, ibuprofen-amide, 3-ethylbenzophenone and 4-hydroxy-diclofenac were identified for the first time in wetland pore water and effluent water, which suggests de novo formation (they were not present in the influent). Conversely, O-desmethyl-naproxen was degraded through the wetland passage since it was detected in the influent but not in the subsequent treatment stages. Biodegradation pathways are therefore suggested for most of the studied PPCPs in the assessed CWs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid (cas: 59960-32-6Quality Control of 2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid).

2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid (cas: 59960-32-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Quality Control of 2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Structural and functional analysis of lignostilbene dioxygenases from Sphingobium sp. SYK-6 was written by Kuatsjah, Eugene;Chan, Anson C. K.;Katahira, Rui;Haugen, Stefan J.;Beckham, Gregg T.;Murphy, Michael E. P.;Eltis, Lindsay D.. And the article was included in Journal of Biological Chemistry in 2021.Recommanded Product: (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol This article mentions the following:

Lignostilbene-α,β-dioxygenases (LSDs) are iron-dependent oxygenases involved in the catabolism of lignin-derived stilbenes. Sphingobium sp.SYK-6 contains eight LSD homologs with undetermined physiol. roles. To investigate which homologs are involved in the catabolism of dehydrodiconiferyl alc. (DCA), derived from β-5 linked lignin subunits, we heterologously produced the enzymes and screened their activities in lysates. The seven soluble enzymes all cleaved lignostilbene, but only LSD2, LSD3, and LSD4 exhibited high specific activity for 3-(4-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyryl)-5-methoxyphenyl) acrylate (DCA-S) relative to lignostilbene. LSD4 catalyzed the cleavage of DCA-S to 5-formylferulate and vanillin and cleaved lignostilbene and DCA-S (∼10⁶ M^-1 s^-1) with tenfold greater specificity than pterostilbene and resveratrol. X-ray crystal structures of native LSD4 and the catalytically inactive cobalt-substituted Co-LSD4 at 1.45 Å resolution revealed the same fold, metal ion coordination, and edge-to-edge dimeric structure as observed in related enzymes. Key catalytic residues, Phe-59, Tyr-101, and Lys-134, were also conserved. Structures of Co-LSD4·vanillin, Co-LSD4·lignostilbene, and Co-LSD4·DCA-S complexes revealed that Ser-283 forms a hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl group of the ferulyl portion of DCA-S. This residue is conserved in LSD2 and LSD4 but is alanine in LSD3. Substitution of Ser-283 with Ala minimally affected the specificity of LSD4 for either lignostilbene or DCA-S. By contrast, substitution with phenylalanine, as occurs in LSD5 and LSD6, reduced the specificity of the enzyme for both substrates by an order of magnitude. This study expands our understanding of an LSD critical to DCA catabolism as well as the physiol. roles of other LSDs and their determinants of substrate specificity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6Recommanded Product: (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol).

(E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Recommanded Product: (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis, phase-transition behavior and oil adsorption performance of porous poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether acrylate) gels was written by Safi, Syed Ragib;Nakata, Taku;Hara, Shyotaro;Gotoh, Takehiko;Iizawa, Takashi;Nakai, Satoshi. And the article was included in Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) in 2020.COA of Formula: C10H14O5 This article mentions the following:

To probe the effects of pendant side-chain structures on the properties of porous thermoresponsive polymer gels, oligo(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether acrylates were polymerised in an aqueous medium under radical-mediated phase-separation conditions. The monomer structures varied according to the lengths and termini of their ethylene glycol side chains. The porous poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether acrylate) (POEGA) gels exhibited variable lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) but similar and rapid swelling-deswelling behaviors. Although the LCST of the poly(tri(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether acrylate) (PTEGA) gel decreased with increasing aqueous NaCl or CaCl2 concentration, PTEGA showed excellent thermosensitivity in highly concentrated salt solutions, recommending its application in saline environments. Examination of PTEGA adsorption performance in an oil-water emulsion showed that n-tridecane adsorption increased with temperature Although n-tridecane was effectively adsorbed at 70°C, its release from the fully adsorbed PTEGA gel was difficult despite a temperature reduction from 70 to 20°C. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8COA of Formula: C10H14O5).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.COA of Formula: C10H14O5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Qualitative gas chromatographic analysis of drugs was written by Dement’eva, N. N.;Zavrazhnaya, T. A.;Potapova, V. N.. And the article was included in Farmatsiya (Moscow, Russian Federation) in 1982.Formula: C10H22O3 This article mentions the following:

Relative retention volumes and Kovats retention indexes in gas chromatog. are tabulated for several classes of pharmaceuticals including amines, esters, pyridine derivatives, imidazoles, etc. The column materials consisted of 5% SE-30, 5% Apiezon L, and 3% neopentyl glycol succinate on Chromosorb W-AW-DMCS (80-100 mesh). Column behavior of the 30 pharmaceuticals is discussed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6Formula: C10H22O3).

rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Formula: C10H22O3

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts