Month: January 2023

Rational analysis of dispersion and solubility of Kraft lignin in polyols for polyurethanes was written by Haridevan, Hima;Evans, David A. C.;Martin, Darren J.;Annamalai, Pratheep K.. And the article was included in Industrial Crops and Products in 2022.Recommanded Product: 57-55-6 This article mentions the following:

The incorporation of Kraft lignin (KL) in polyurethanes has received much academic and industrial attention due to its potential for sustainably improving broader property profiles. However, the consistency in phys. properties improvement is still challenging. The missing link in this field is the compatibility of KL with polyols and the major unanswered question is ‘how does lignin choose to disperse in polyols. This study reports the solubility of KL dispersed in ethylene oxide (EO) diols, propylene oxide (PO) diols, com. polyols containing EO or PO and a standard crosslinker (glycerol) at room temperature, and rationally evaluates compatible polyol/lignin systems based on microscopic, gravimetric, and rheol. analyses for potential application in polyurethanes. The degree of dispersion of KL in polyols was observed to vary from low to high with polydispersity in particle size depending on the chem. structure (functionality, solubility parameter, polarity) and mol. weight of polyols. While low mol. weight diols have shown high solubility of KL, the EO-based polyols have shown relatively better compatibility with KL than the PO-based polyols and glycerol. By exploring the various degrees of dispersion of KL in polyols, this study suggests that the polyurethane materials could be engineered with KL through judicious selection of compatible polyol based on structure, solubility parameter, and mol. weight In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6Recommanded Product: 57-55-6).

1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Recommanded Product: 57-55-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

High Tensile Strength UV-Cured Castor Oil-Based Silicone-Modified Polyurethane Acrylates was written by Jiao, Xiaojiao;Song, Yan;He, Na;Wang, Xiaojia;Huang, Ming;Zhang, Lu;Li, Xiaocheng;Xu, Jinchang;Chen, Jie;Li, Wenqing;Lai, Guoqiao;Hua, Xilin;Yang, Xiongfa. And the article was included in ACS Omega in 2022.Safety of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) This article mentions the following:

High tensile strength UV-cured transparent materials are highly desired in optical devices. In this paper, high tensile strength UV-cured transparent castor oil-based polyurethane acrylates (PUAs) with a very high transmittance over 95% (400-800 nm) were prepared from UV-curable castor oil-based polyurethane acrylates (CO-PUAs) and mercapto silicone-containing hyperbranched polymers (HBPSHs) under UV irradiation The tensile strengths of UV-cured transparent castor oil-based PUAs can reach 12.49 MPa, which is obviously higher than that of UV-cured CO-PUAs reported previously (0.7-10.20 MPa). The chem. structure of HBPSHs will play an important role in the mech. performance of UV-cured silicone-modified materials, and it can be concluded that the more rigid the units of α,β-dihydroxyl derivatives used in the fabrication of HBPSHs are, the higher the mech. strength and pencil hardness of the UV-cured materials will be. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Safety of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Safety of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Development of a magnetic MoS2 system camouflaged by lipid for chemo/phototherapy of cancer was written by Li, Jiaqian;Yang, Na;Yang, Mei;Lu, Chao;Xie, Meng. And the article was included in Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces in 2022.Application of 111-46-6 This article mentions the following:

Untargeted release of traditional chemotherapeutic drugs can damage normal tissues in the body and cause serious side effects for patients. Therefore, the research of targeted drug delivery system based on nanomaterials has become a hot topic in the field of cancer therapy. Magnetic molybdenum disulfide (mMoS2) was modified by liposomes with a cell membrane-like structure to prepare nanocarrier complex (mMoS2-Lipid) with high biocompatibility and stability. Then, combined photo-chemotherapeutic therapy was realized both in vitro and in vivo by its ultra-high photothermal conversion efficiency and excellent drug loading profile of mMoS2-Lipid. The characterization showed that the lamellar magnetic molybdenum disulfide modified by liposomes was not easy to aggregate in physiol. solution, and had a lower non-specific protein adsorption rate, which was beneficial for biomedical application. In vitro cell experiments exhibited a successful cellular uptake profile of MCF-7 cells with no significant cytotoxicity, while a concentration dependent cytotoxicity for both chemotherapy alone and photo-chemotherapy combined therapy. Compared with the unmodified mMoS2, mMoS2-Lipid injected into mice through tail vein can accumulate more in the tumor site, and in vivo anti-tumor studies have shown that the synergistic treatment of the mMoS2-Lipid has an obvious inhibitory effect on the tumor with less toxic and side effects on mice. In conclusion, mMoS2-Lipid treatment system provides a safe, rapid and effective choice for the treatment of breast cancer in the future. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Application of 111-46-6).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Application of 111-46-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

The effects of α-pinene versus toluene-derived secondary organic aerosol exposure on the expression of markers associated with vascular disease was written by Lund, Amie K.;Doyle-Eisele, Melanie;Lin, Ying-Hsuan;Arashiro, Maiko;Surratt, Jason D.;Holmes, Tom;Schilling, Katherine A.;Seinfeld, John H.;Rohr, Annette C.;Knipping, Eladio M.;McDonald, Jacob D.. And the article was included in Inhalation Toxicology in 2013.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

To investigate the toxicol. effects of biogenic- vs. anthropogenic-source secondary organic aerosol (SOA) on the cardiovascular system, the Secondary Particulate Health Effects Research program irradiation chamber was used to expose atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E null (Apo E-/-) mice to SOA from the oxidation of either α-pinene or toluene for 7 days. SOA atmospheres were produced to yield 250-300 μg/m³ of particulate matter and ratios of 10:1:1 α-pinene:nitrogen oxide (NO_x):ammonia (NH₃); 10:1:1:1 α-pinene:NO_x:NH₃:sulfur dioxide (SO₂) or 10:1:1 toluene:NO_x:NH₃; and 10:1:1:1 toluene:NO_x:NH₃:SO₂. Resulting effects on the cardiovascular system were assessed by measurement of vascular lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS)), as well as quantification of heme-oxygenase (HO)-1, endothelin (ET)-1, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 mRNA expression for comparison to previous program exposure results. Consistent with similar previous studies, vascular TBARS were not increased significantly with any acute SOA exposure. However, vascular HO-1, MMP-9, and ET-1 observed in Apo E-/- mice exposed to α-pinene + NO_x + NH₃ + SO₂ increased statistically, while α-pinene + NO_x + NH₃ exposure to either toluene + NO_x + NH₃ or toluene +NO_x + NH₃ + SO₂ resulted in a decreased expression of these vascular factors. Such findings suggest that the specific chem. created by the presence or absence of acidic components may be important in SOA-mediated toxicity in the cardiovascular system and/or progression of cardiovascular disease. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-nitrophenol (cas: 60463-12-9Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

3-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-nitrophenol (cas: 60463-12-9) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Plasma Induced Graft Polymerization of Three Hydrophilic Monomers on Nylon 6,6 Fabrics for Enhancing Antistatic Property was written by Gul Dincmen, Melek;Hauser, Peter J.;Gursoy, Nevin Cigdem. And the article was included in Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing in 2016.Reference of 4074-88-8 This article mentions the following:

In this study, three hydrophilic monomers; 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) were selected and their performance as an antistatic finish on nylon 6,6 fabrics was investigated. A non-thermal, high d. atm. pressure plasma was used to graft polymerize the monomers on nylon 6,6 fabrics. Fabrics were first treated with solutions of monomer in water, air dried and then treated with helium plasma to graft polymerize the monomer on the fiber surface. Surface resistivity values were measured before and after soxhlet extraction with water. Results showed that the DADMAC monomer provided better antistatic properties to fabrics. Further studies with DADMAC monomer were made; effects of plasma post exposure time, plasma pre-exposure time, plasma power, concentration of the monomer and existence of a crosslinker were investigated. Higher plasma power, higher concentration of the monomer and longer post exposure times all gave better antistatic properties to the nylon 6,6 fabrics. Acid dye staining, UV-Vis and FT-IR measurements were conducted and results confirmed a grafted poly-DADMAC layer on the fabric surface. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8Reference of 4074-88-8).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Reference of 4074-88-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Potentially tridentate hydrazonic ligands in the synthesis of methyl and acetyl palladium(II) complexes was written by Pelagatti, Paolo;Carcelli, Mauro;Franchi, Francesca;Pelizzi, Corrado;Bacchi, Alessia;Fochi, Andrea;Fruhauf, Hans-Werner;Goubitz, Kees;Vrieze, Kees. And the article was included in European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry in 2000.Quality Control of 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol This article mentions the following:

Potentially tridentate hydrazonic ligands HNNO (HL1-HL5) were used in the synthesis of some Me Pd(II) complexes. Depending on the applied exptl. conditions two different kinds of complexes were obtained. Thus, the reactions between HL1-HL5 and (COD)PdMeCl in Et₂O gave bidentate Me complexes Pd(HNN)MeCl (1–5; shown as I; R’/R”/R”’ = H/Me/Me, H/Me/Ph, H/H/Ph, H/Et/Ph, Me/H/Ph), where the ligands maintain a neutral character. However, in the presence of a base such as Et₃N or NaOMe, the ligands are deprotonated with the consequent formation of tridentate Me complexes Pd(NNO)Me (7–10; shown as II). In solution, complexes 1–5 tend to lose the hydrazonic proton with elimination of methane and formation of a tridentate chloride complex Pd(NNO)Cl; this tendency can be correlated with the acidity of the free ligands, which was determined On bubbling CO through solutions of 1–5, the corresponding acetyl complexes Pd(HNN)[C(O)Me]Cl (11–15) formed, in which both the cis and trans isomers are present. Their molar ratio is rationalized from the results of a mol. modeling study from electronic considerations. A remarkably different reactivity was found in the carbonylation of the tridentate complexes 7–10; they decompose rapidly and quant. to Pd black and an organic product corresponding to the ligand with an acetyl group bonded to the hydrazonic N. The x-ray structures of a Me complex (3) and its corresponding acetyl (13) derivative were determined In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0Quality Control of 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol).

6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Quality Control of 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Interfacial properties of liquid metal immersed in various liquids was written by Ryu, Gaabhin;Park, Kwangseok;Kim, Hyoungsoo. And the article was included in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science in 2022.Electric Literature of C3H8O2 This article mentions the following:

When gallium-based liquid metal (LM) droplets are injected through different solvent media, the oxygen solubility of the environment influences the droplet eccentricity. The formation of an oxide membrane in solvents can determine whether a bulk-scale droplet behaves in a liquidlike or solidlike manner. In the case of LM emulsions, the solvent’s oxygen solubility leads to varying degrees of organic solvent adsorption. The adsorption of solvent mols. changes the surface energy of the oxide layer. The pinch-off frames of LM droplets immersed in liquids with differing oxygen solubility were captured using a high-speed camera. Through SEM (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), the surface composition of micro and nanoscale LM emulsions in different solvents was investigated. The van Oss-Good model was implemented to determine the polar and nonpolar surface energy components of LM layers with adsorbates. Pear-shaped LM droplets displaying solidlike behavior are created when the mole fraction of dissolved oxygen in the ambient solution is above approx. 2.43 x 10^-4. For LM emulsions sonicated in organic solvents, Carbon/Oxygen (C/O) and Carbon/Gallium (C/Ga) at. percent ratios display an increasing trend with increasing oxygen solubility The nonpolar component of surface energy shows a logarithmic relationship with the oxygen solubility of the solvent used to treat the LM layer. The polar component of surface energy is more susceptible to the chem. properties of the solvent. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6Electric Literature of C3H8O2).

1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Electric Literature of C3H8O2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Thermochemical liquefaction of Brassica napus straw: Effect of liquefaction parameters on biocrude was written by Xiao, Zhihua;Wu, Qingdan;Zheng, Xiaochen;Zhang, Liqing;Zou, Dongsheng;Chen, Baoxiong;Wang, Bin;Liu, Fen. And the article was included in Industrial Crops and Products in 2022.Reference of 499-75-2 This article mentions the following:

Rape straw (Brassica napus) was used to prepare high-quality biocrude (ORS) through thermochem. liquefaction. The effects of liquefaction temperature, solid-liquid ratio (R1), and solvent filling ratio (R2) on the yield of ORS prepared from rape straw were studied. The yield of ORS reached the maximum value (22.11 %) at 340 °C, with R1 10 % and R2 20 %. GC-MS anal. indicated that at low liquefaction temperatures (>300 °C) the compounds in ORS were mainly esters, whereas at higher temperatures they were mainly phenolic compounds Anal. based on the b.ps. indicated the presence of mainly C8, C9, and C20 compounds Elemental anal. and measurement of the higher heating value (HHV) showed that the HHV of ORS at 340 °C was 41.36 MJ/kg. The process described in this work not only effectively disposes of rape straw, but also converts it into a potential renewable transportation energy alternative. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2Reference of 499-75-2).

5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Reference of 499-75-2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

A Facile and Efficient Anti-Selective Four-Component Direct Aldol Addition via Chemoselective Thioester Enolate Formation was written by Zhou, Guoqiang;Yost, Julianne M.;Sauer, Scott J.;Coltart, Don M.. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2007.Reference of 29364-29-2 This article mentions the following:

A facile and efficient four-component anti-selective direct aldol addition of thioester enolates was developed that is fully compatible with enolizable aldehydes and able to be conducted using untreated reagent-grade CH₂Cl₂ open to the air. The thioester enolates were generated in situ via an acylation/conjugate addition sequence using com. available PhSLi and acryloyl chloride, thus avoiding prior enolate formation while maintaining complete chemoselectivity. For example, 88 % (13:1 anti:syn) S-Ph 3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-[(phenylthio)methyl]propanethioate was obtained from PhCHO, acryloyl chloride and PhSLi in the presence of MgBr₂·Et₂O in CH₂Cl₂ open to the air. The organosulfur products are convertible into various polyketide-based structures. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2Reference of 29364-29-2).

Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Reference of 29364-29-2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Para-selective borylation of monosubstituted benzenes using a transient mediator was written by Wu, Jie;Wang, Zengwei;Chen, Xiao-Yue;Wu, Yichen;Wang, Daoming;Peng, Qian;Wang, Peng. And the article was included in Science China: Chemistry in 2020.Recommanded Product: 68716-49-4 This article mentions the following:

Herein, authors conceptualized a transient mediator approach that has the capability of para-selective C-H functionalization of monosubstituted aromatics This approach is enabled by in situ generation of a versatile sulfonium salt via highly electrophilic phenoxathiine or thianthrene dication intermediate which can be readily generated from its sulfoxide with tri-fluoromethanesulfonic anhydride. Preliminary mechanistic study implied that the remarkable para selectivity might be related to the incredible electrophilicity of thianthrene dication intermediate. The versatility of this approach was demonstrated via para-borylation of various monosubstituted simple aromatics combining the sulfonium salt formation with further photocatalyzed transformation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4Recommanded Product: 68716-49-4).

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Recommanded Product: 68716-49-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts