Month: January 2023

Chemical composition, antifungal and antioxidant activities of wild and cultivated Origanum compactum essential oils from the municipality of Chaoun, Morocco was written by Jeldi, Lamya;Taarabt, Kamal Ouled;Mazri, Mouaad Amine;Ouahmane, Lahcen;Alfeddy, Mohamed Najib. And the article was included in South African Journal of Botany in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol This article mentions the following:

Origanum compactum is a medicinal species endemic to Morocco and highly exploited for its therapeutic properties. In the present study, we examined the chem. composition and biol. activities of the essential oils from wild and cultivated O. compactum. The chem. composition was analyzed by gas chromatog. coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield of essential oils was 3.5% for the wild plants and 3.4% for the cultivated plants. Twelve compounds have been identified in the essential oils of wild plants. Carvacrol was the predominant compound (59.0%), followed by p-cymene (18.4%) and then by γ-terpinene (8.4%). For the cultivated plants, 27 compounds were identified. Here again, carvacrol was the predominant compound (45.3%), followed by p-cymene (22.2%) and by γ-terpinene (10.1%). The antifungal activity of essential oils was evaluated against four Candida strains using the aromatogram method, the min. inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the min. fungicidal concentration (MFC). In semi-solid medium, essential oils were active against all the strains tested. In liquid medium, MIC values ranged from 216 to 234μg/mL, while the MFC was 288μg/mL. Antioxidant activity was investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1,1,picrylhydrazil radical (DPPH) and the findings showed that the essential oils of both plants have a good antioxidant effect. In conclusion, domestication is a practical approach to preserve O. compactum from extinction without compromising its biol. activities. Besides, the essential oils of O. compactum could be a promising and sustainable alternative to replace the synthetic compounds used currently in pharmaceutical and food industries. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2Application In Synthesis of 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol).

5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Application In Synthesis of 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Characterization of the key aroma compounds in three world-famous black teas was written by Xiao, Zuobing;Cao, Xueying;Zhu, Jiancai;Chen, Feng;Niu, Yunwei. And the article was included in European Food Research and Technology in 2022.Synthetic Route of C8H16O This article mentions the following:

The volatile compounds of three world-famous black teas (Darjeeling, DJL, Keemun, KM, and Ceylon, CL) were extracted by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and analyzed by gas chromatog.-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated that 78, 76, and 69 volatile compounds were detected in the three tea infusions. And 9 sulfur compounds in black teas were identified by gas chromatog.-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD). In addition, a total of 42 aroma compounds were perceived and 38 compounds were identified as important aroma compounds due to their high odor activity values (OAVs), such as 3-methylbutanal (OAV: 24-82), linalool (OAV: 24-64), geraniol (OAV: 2-97), β-ionone (OAV: 54-122), and cis-jasmone (OAV: 2-119). According to the results of aroma recombination and omission experiments, 2-methylbutanal, linalool, Me salicylate and β-cyclocitral were confirmed to be the key aroma compounds in Darjeeling black tea, 3-methylbutanal, hexanal, β-myrcene, and Me salicylate were the key aroma compounds in Keemun, while β-ionone, linalool, 2-methylbutanal, and salicylaldehyde were the key aroma compounds in Ceylon black tea. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Oct-1-en-3-ol (cas: 3391-86-4Synthetic Route of C8H16O).

Oct-1-en-3-ol (cas: 3391-86-4) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Synthetic Route of C8H16O

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Changes of bacterial communities and volatile compounds developed from the spoilage of white Hypsizygus marmoreus under different storage conditions was written by Yuan, Yu-Han;Liu, Ling-Xiao;Guo, Li;Wang, Liang;Hao, Ji-Wei;Liu, Yun-Guo. And the article was included in LWT–Food Science and Technology in 2022.Related Products of 3391-86-4 This article mentions the following:

The succession of bacterial communities and changes of volatile components throughout the storage of white Hypsizygus marmoreus (white H.marmoreus) were investigated. The results showed that the microbial communities were mainly composed of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes at 4°C and 25°C, with Serratia, Pediococcus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas as the dominant genera. Serratia could be detected during the whole period of storage, and the relative abundance increased with increasing time. It indicated that Serratia might be one of the main spoilage bacteria for white H.marmoreus spoilage. Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas had a sharp increasing trend during the late storage period, indicating they might be a potential factor for spoilage. The volatile components of white H.marmoreus were mainly composed of ketones, aldehydes, alcs. and esters, among which 3-octanone was the main component. Correlation anal. showed that Serratia was neg. correlated with 16 volatile compounds, and also suggested that Serratia might play an important role in inhibiting the production of 16 volatile compounds The results would provide a theor. basis for studying the microbial dynamics and the changes of volatile compounds of white H.marmoreus during storage to control the spoilage of edible fungi. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Oct-1-en-3-ol (cas: 3391-86-4Related Products of 3391-86-4).

Oct-1-en-3-ol (cas: 3391-86-4) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Related Products of 3391-86-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Changes in LD50 of parathion and heptachlor following turpentine pretreatment was written by Sperling, Frederick;Ewenike, Helenah K. U.;Farber, Theodore. And the article was included in Environmental Research in 1972.Application In Synthesis of rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate This article mentions the following:

Stimulation of male rat microsomal enzymes by pretreatment with oral turpentine (1.8 mg/kg/day for 3 days) resulted in reduced hexobarbital sleeping time, reduced parathion (I) [56-38-2] toxicity, and increased heptachlor (II) [76-44-8] toxicity. Hexobarbital hydroxylase [9078-77-7], p-aminophenol aniline hydroxylase [9012-80-0], aminopyrine demethylase [9037-69-8], and benzpyrene hydroxylase [9037-52-9] were stimulated. α-Pinene [80-56-8] and β-pinene [127-91-3] vaporized from turpentine had no effect on hexobarbital sleeping or I mortality but increased II mortality and benzpyrene hydroxylation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6Application In Synthesis of rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate).

rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Application In Synthesis of rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Nickel-Catalyzed Chain-Walking Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Alkyl and Aryl Halides and Olefin Hydroarylation Enabled by Electrochemical Reduction was written by Kumar, Gadde Sathish;Peshkov, Anatoly;Brzozowska, Aleksandra;Nikolaienko, Pavlo;Zhu, Chen;Rueping, Magnus. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2020.Recommanded Product: 68716-49-4 This article mentions the following:

The first electrochem. approach for nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling was developed. This method provides a novel route to 1,1-diarylalkane derivatives from simple and readily available alkyl and aryl halides in good yields and excellent regioselectivity under mild conditions. The procedure shows good tolerance for a broad variety of functional groups and both primary and secondary alkyl halides can be used. Furthermore, the reaction was successfully scaled up to the multigram scale, thus indicating potential for industrial application. Mechanistic study suggested the formation of a nickel hydride in the electroreductive chain-walking arylation, which led to the development of a new nickel-catalyzed hydroarylation of styrenes to provide a series of 1,1-diaryl alkanes in good yields under mild reaction conditions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4Recommanded Product: 68716-49-4).

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Recommanded Product: 68716-49-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Exopolysaccharide Carbohydrate Structure and Biofilm Formation by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains inhabiting nodules of Trifolium repens growing on an old Zn-Pb-Cd-polluted waste heap area was written by Olenska, Ewa;Malek, Wanda;Kotowska, Urszula;Wydrych, Jerzy;Polinska, Weronika;Swiecicka, Izabela;Thijs, Sofie;Vangronsveld, Jaco. And the article was included in International Journal of Molecular Sciences in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 10030-85-0 This article mentions the following:

Heavy metals polluting the 100-yr-old waste heap in Boleslaw (Poland) are acting as a natural selection factor and may contribute to adaptations of organisms living in this area, including Trifolium repens and its root nodule microsymbionts-rhizobia. Exopolysaccharides (EPS), exuded extracellularly and associated with bacterial cell walls, possess variable structures depending on environmental conditions; they can bind metals and are involved in biofilm formation. In order to examine the effects of long-term exposure to metal pollution on EPS structure and biofilm formation of rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains originating from the waste heap area and a non-polluted reference site were investigated for the characteristics of the sugar fraction of their EPS using gas chromatog. mass-spectrometry and also for biofilm formation and structural characteristics using confocal laser scanning microscopy under control conditions as well as when exposed to toxic concentrations of zinc, lead, and cadmium. Significant differences in EPS structure, biofilm thickness, and ratio of living/dead bacteria in the biofilm were found between strains originating from the waste heap and from the reference site, both without exposure to metals and under metal exposure. Received results indicate that studied rhizobia can be assumed as potentially useful in remediation processes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0HPLC of Formula: 10030-85-0).

(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.HPLC of Formula: 10030-85-0

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Photo- and pH-Responsive Polycarbonate Block Copolymer Prodrug Nanomicelles for Controlled Release of Doxorubicin was written by Kalva, Nagendra;Uthaman, Saji;Augustine, Rimesh;Jeon, Su Hyeon;Huh, Kang Moo;Park, In-Kyu;Kim, Il. And the article was included in Macromolecular Bioscience in 2020.Synthetic Route of C7H7NO4 This article mentions the following:

Photo/pH dual-responsive amphiphilic diblock copolymers with alkyne functionalized pendant o-nitrobenzyl ester group are synthesized using poly(ethylene glycol) as a macroinitiator. The pendant alkynes are functionalized as aldehyde groups by the azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) mols. are then covalently conjugated through acid-sensitive Schiff-base linkage. The resultant prodrug copolymers self-assemble into nanomicelles in aqueous solution The prodrug nanomicelles have a well-defined morphol. with an average size of 20-40 nm. The dual-stimuli are applied individually or simultaneously to study the release behavior of DOX. Under UV light irradiation, nanomicelles are disassembled due to the ONB ester photocleavage. The light-controlled DOX release behavior is demonstrated using fluorescence spectroscopy. Due to the pH-sensitive imine linkage the DOX mols. are released rapidly from the nanomicelles at the acidic pH of 5.0, whereas only minimal amount of DOX mols. is released at the pH of 7.4. The DOX release rate is tunable by applying the dual-stimuli simultaneously. In vitro studies against colon cancer cells demonstrate that the nanomicelles show the efficient cellular uptake and the intracellular DOX release, indicating that the newly designed copolymers with dual-stimuli-response have significant potential applications as a smart nanomedicine against cancer. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-nitrophenol (cas: 60463-12-9Synthetic Route of C7H7NO4).

3-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-nitrophenol (cas: 60463-12-9) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Synthetic Route of C7H7NO4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ternary Liquid-Phase Equilibria of an Azeotropic Mixture (Heptane + Isopropyl Alcohol) with Deep Eutectic Solvents was written by Ghanadzadeh-Gilani, Ali;Sardroodi, Jaber Jahanbin;Mohammadi-Khanghah, Behnaz;Pazuki, Gholamreza;Moghadam, Mohammad;Tiwikrama, Ardila Hayu. And the article was included in Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data in 2022.SDS of cas: 57-55-6 This article mentions the following:

The present study reports the result of the measurement and anal. of the solubility curve and tie-line data of four ternary systems containing heptane-iso-Pr alc. azeotrope mixtures and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) at T = 298.2 K and p = 0.1 MPa. This investigation is aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the prepared DESs as extractants in the separation of the heptane-alc. azeotropic mixtures through liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) processes. In this study, four choline chloride-based DESs were prepared by a heating process. Two hydrogen bond donor (HBD) compounds (i.e., ethylene glycol and propylene glycol) were chosen in the preparation of the DESs. The solubility curves show that the effect of DESs on the immiscibility region is small. The studied systems display the type-1 LLE behavior. The measured tie-line values were adequately fitted through the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) thermodn. model, and the interaction parameter values were determined The correlation data appeared to be in good agreement with the measured tie-lie data. The extraction capacity (distribution constants and selectivities) of the studied DESs was determined The DESs had high and similar selectivity values for the studied systems. Moreover, the distribution constants were larger than unity, indicating a favorable solvent-to-feed ratio. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6SDS of cas: 57-55-6).

1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.SDS of cas: 57-55-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Removal of hard COD from acidic eucalyptus kraft pulp bleach plant effluent streams using oxidoreductases was written by Herold-Majumdar, Owik Matthias;Lopez Pita, Sabela;Dominguez Estevez, Fernando;Wawrzynczyk, Joanna;Loureiro, Pedro E. G.;Felby, Claus. And the article was included in Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) This article mentions the following:

The bleach plant of a pulp and paper (P&P) mill presents a major source of wastewater containing toxic organic matter characterized as COD (COD). Due to their high oxidizing power, oxidoreductases hold promise to be a key solution for the removal of dissolved organic material. Here, four oxidoreductases from different enzyme families were selected to treat bleach plant effluents. Haloperoxidase treatment of the final effluent resulted in the highest levels of decolorization (71%) and reduction of aromatic compounds (36%). Using single compound anal., 27 low mol. weight compounds were found to be persistent throughout the wastewater treatment process and, therefore, classified as hard COD. The tested enzymes efficiently removed several of the identified COD compounds Hence, this study suggests that the application of oxidoreductases will serve as an environmental-friendly solution for reducing waste from P&P production In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Application In Synthesis of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Application In Synthesis of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

A Practical Oxidation Experiment for Undergraduate Students: Bobbitt’s Salt as a “Green” Alternative was written by Lambert, Kyle M.;Kelly, Christopher B.;Milligan, John A.;Tilley, Leon J.;Reynolds, Robert P.;McGuire, Kellen P.;Anzalone, Luigi;Del Sesto, Kimberly E.;Walsh, Sinead. And the article was included in Journal of Chemical Education in 2022.Formula: C7H7ClO This article mentions the following:

Oxidation reactions are critical components of the synthetic toolbox taught to undergraduate students during introductory organic chem. courses. However, the oxidation reactions discussed in the undergraduate curriculum are often outdated as many organic chem. textbooks emphasize chromium-based oxidants that are no longer in regular use by practitioners, which may limit an instructor’s time to allocate to discussion of other oxidants. Further, laboratory courses have since either removed oxidation experiments or replaced them with oxidative processes not discussed in lectures, thus leading to a disconnect between the two learning settings. As part of an effort to bridge this divide and modernize the oxidation reactions discussed in our curricula, we have developed a new laboratory experiment that uses a com. available oxoammonium salt (Bobbitt’s salt) to cleanly oxidize cinnamyl alc. to cinnamaldehyde. In addition to being a safe, convenient, colorimetric and “green oxidant” suitable for use in the undergraduate teaching laboratory, the hydride-transfer mechanism allows for overlap with key course concepts presented in both introductory and advanced lecture courses. The procedure is well-suited for small and large organic I, II or advanced laboratory sections alike, and can be completed within a standard 3-4 h laboratory period. Aside from exposing students to a modern green oxidation protocol, the experiment contains expanded opportunities for interpretation of ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and IR spectra. An optional addendum for advanced students involving Hammett correlations was also developed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7Formula: C7H7ClO).

(4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Formula: C7H7ClO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts