Month: January 2023

Anthracene-based mechanophores for compression-activated fluorescence in polymeric networks was written by Kabb, Christopher P.;O′Bryan, Christopher S.;Morley, Cameron D.;Angelini, Thomas E.;Sumerlin, Brent S.. And the article was included in Chemical Science in 2019.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

The recent attention given to functionalities that respond to mech. force has led to a deeper understanding of force transduction and mech. wear in polymeric materials. Furthermore, polymers have been carefully designed such that activation of “mechanophores” leads to productive outputs, such as material reinforcement or changes in optical properties. In this work, a crosslinker containing an anthracene-maleimide linkage was designed and used to prepare networks that display a fluorescence response when damaged. The pressure-dependent damage of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) networks was monitored using solid-state fluorescence spectroscopy, with increasing compressive forces leading to higher degrees of mechanophore activation. When a stamp was used to compress the networks, only the areas in contact with the raised portion of the stamp underwent mechanophore activation, resulting in the generation of patterns that were only visible under UV light. Finally, an isomeric “flex” mechanophore was designed and used to prepare networks that were compressed and compared to the previously described networks. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Regioselective Hydroalkylation of Vinylarenes by Cooperative Cu and Ni Catalysis was written by Ravn, Anne K.;Johansen, Martin B.;Skrydstrup, Troels. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2022.Application In Synthesis of (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol This article mentions the following:

Disclosed here is a dual copper and nickel catalytic system with a silyl hydride source for promoting the linear selective hydroalkylation of vinylarenes ArCHCH₂ (Ar = 4-fluorophenyl, pyridin-2-yl, 2-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl, etc.). This carbon-carbon bond-forming protocol is applied to couple a variety of functionalized vinylarenes with alkyl halides RX (R = phenylethyl, cyclohexyl, 3-(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)propyl, etc.; X = Br, I) applying a nickel(II) NNN pincer complex in the presence of an NHC-ligated copper catalyst. This combination allows for a 1 mol% loading of the nickel catalyst leading to turnover numbers of up to 72. Over 40 examples are presented, including applications for pharmaceutical diversification. Labeling experiments demonstrated the regioselectivity of the reaction and revealed that the copper catalyst plays a crucial role in enhancing the rate for formation of the reactive linear alkyl nickel complex. Overall, the presented work provides a complimentary approach for hydroalkylation reactions, while providing a preliminary mechanistic understanding of the cooperativity between the copper and nickel complexes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5Application In Synthesis of (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol).

(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Application In Synthesis of (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effect of different enamel pretreating agents on bonding efficacy and survival rates of orthodontic brackets: In vitro study and split-mouth randomized clinical trial. was written by Scribante, Andrea;Gallo, Simone;Pascadopoli, Maurizio;Catalano, Federico;Gandini, Paola;Sfondrini, Maria Francesca. And the article was included in American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics in 2022.Safety of (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol This article mentions the following:

INTRODUCTION: This double in vitro study and randomized clinical trial aimed to investigate the bonding failure rates of orthodontic brackets after enamel pretreatment with agents showing different particle sizes. METHODS: For the in vitro study, 80 bovine teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the pretreating method used and their particle sizes: erythritol (14 μm), glycine (18-22 μm), sodium bicarbonate (70 μm), and no pretreatment. Scanning electron microscopy microphotographs were performed after pretreatment. Then, brackets were bonded, and shear bond strength was calculated. For the clinical study, agents with low (erythritol) and high (sodium bicarbonate) particle sizes were chosen. Twenty consecutive patients willing to start fixed orthodontic treatment with vestibular stainless steel brackets were enrolled. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups following a split-mouth design. Group A underwent a 5-second enamel pretreatment procedure with erythritol for teeth belonging to maxillary left and mandibular right quadrants, whereas the remaining quadrants were pretreated for 5 seconds with sodium bicarbonate powder. In group B, quadrants were inverted. Then, brackets were bonded on the vestibular surfaces of teeth, and patients were visited monthly for 12 months to assess bond failures. Periodontal evaluation of probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, plaque index, and papilla bleeding index was conducted before bonding and after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: The in vitro study showed that erythritol and control presented significantly higher shear bond strength values for other agents. Bicarbonate showed the lowest values. In the clinical study, 20 patients (aged 16.4 ± 3.9 years) were enrolled, and all completed the study. Erythritol showed a significantly lower failure rate (3%) than sodium bicarbonate (7.5%). Kaplan-Meier survival plots showed statistically significant differences in risk of failure between the 2 groups during the 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Enamel pretreatment with erythritol can be a viable technique to reduce failure rates of orthodontic brackets. REGISTRATION: The trial was not registered. PROTOCOL: The protocol was not published before trial commencement. FUNDING: No funding or grant was received for this research. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6Safety of (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol).

(2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Safety of (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hyaluronic Acid Conjugates of TLR7/8 Agonists for Targeted Delivery to Secondary Lymphoid Tissue was written by Yoo, Euna;Salyer, Alex C. D.;Brush, Michael J. H.;Li, Yupeng;Trautman, Kathryn L.;Shukla, Nikunj M.;De Beuckelaer, Ans;Lienenklaus, Stefan;Deswarte, Kim;Lambrecht, Bart N.;De Geest, Bruno G.;David, Sunil A.. And the article was included in Bioconjugate Chemistry in 2018.Synthetic Route of C8H7NO This article mentions the following:

Immunogens carried in lymphatic fluid drain via afferent vessels into regional lymph nodes and facilitate the efficient induction of appropriate immune responses. The lymphatic system possesses receptors recognizing hyaluronic acid (HA). Covalent conjugates of small-mol. TLR7/8 agonists with HA are entirely devoid of immunostimulatory activity in vitro. In murine models of immunization, however, such conjugates traffic to lymph nodes, where they are ‘unmasked’, releasing the small mol. TLR7/8 agonist from the carrier polysaccharide. The resulting focal immunostimulation is manifested in potent adjuvant effects with negligible systemic exposure. The efficient delivery of immunogens has been a major challenge in the development of subunit vaccines, and enhancing targeted delivery of immunogens to secondary lymphoid organs might be a promising approach for improving vaccine efficacy, as well as safety. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzonitrile (cas: 15777-70-5Synthetic Route of C8H7NO).

4-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzonitrile (cas: 15777-70-5) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Synthetic Route of C8H7NO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Don’t be misled by raw material screening tests was written by Hunsucker, Jerry;Mudd, Daniel G.;Eachus, Alan C.. And the article was included in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association in 1974.Formula: C6H15NO This article mentions the following:

Direct substitution in standard formulations, such as wax emulsions and water-soluble alkyd resin coating compositions, was not a satisfactory method of screening the isomeric amines 2-dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-propanol (I) [7005-47-2], 2-diethylamino-1-ethanol (II) [100-37-8], and 1-dimethylamino-2-methyl-2-propanol [14123-48-9], for possible use as emulsifiers, e.g., the substitution of an equal amount of I for the II in a TiO2 dispersion containing the optimum amount of II for best wetting indicated that II was a better wetting agent although I was a better wetting agent than II ata lower wetting agent concentration In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-methylpropan-2-ol (cas: 14123-48-9Formula: C6H15NO).

1-(Dimethylamino)-2-methylpropan-2-ol (cas: 14123-48-9) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Formula: C6H15NO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Molecular Modeling for Screening Environmental Chemicals for Estrogenicity: Use of the Toxicant-Target Approach was written by Rabinowitz, James R.;Little, Stephen B.;Laws, Susan C.;Goldsmith, Michael-Rock. And the article was included in Chemical Research in Toxicology in 2009.Electric Literature of C10H14O5 This article mentions the following:

There is a paucity of relevant exptl. information available for the evaluation of the potential health and environmental effects of many man made chems. Knowledge of the potential pathways for activity provides a rational basis for the extrapolations inherent in the preliminary evaluation of risk and the establishment of priorities for obtaining missing data for environmental chems. The differential step in many mechanisms of toxicity may be generalized as the interaction between a small mol. (a potential toxicant) and one or a more macromol. targets. An approach based on computation of the interaction between a potential mol. toxicant and a library of macromol. targets of toxicity has been proposed for preliminary chem. screening. In the current study, the interaction between a series of environmentally relevant chems. and models of the rat estrogen receptors (ER) was computed and the results compared to an exptl. data set of their relative binding affinities. The exptl. data set consists of 281 chems., selected from the U.S. EPA’s Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) inventory, that were initially screened using the rat uterine cytosolic ER-competitive binding assay. Secondary anal., using Lineweaver-Burk plots and slope replots, was applied to confirm that only 15 of these test chems. were true competitive inhibitors of ER binding with exptl. inhibition constants (K_i) less than 100 μM. Two different rapid computational docking methods have been applied. Each provides a score that is a surrogate for the strength of the interaction between each ligand-receptor pair. Using the score that indicates the strongest interaction for each pair, without consideration of the geometry of binding between the toxicant and the target, all of the active mols. were discovered in the first 16% of the chems. When a filter is applied on the basis of the geometry of a simplified pharmacophore for binding to the ER, the results are improved, and all of the active mols. were discovered in the first 8% of the chems. To obtain no false negatives in the model that includes the pharmacophore filter, only 8 mols. are false positives. These results indicate that mol. docking algorithms that were designed to find the chems. that act most strongly at a receptor (and therefore are potential pharmaceuticals) can efficiently sep. weakly active chems. from a library of primarily inactive chems. The advantage of using a pharmacophore filter suggests that the development of filters of this type for other receptors will prove valuable. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8Electric Literature of C10H14O5).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Electric Literature of C10H14O5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Iron(II) Mediated Desulfurization of Organosulfur Substrates Produces Nonheme Diiron(II)-hydrosulfides was written by Ganguly, Tuhin;Das, Ayan;Majumdar, Amit. And the article was included in Inorganic Chemistry in 2019.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

A reaction system involving Fe(BF₄)₂·6H₂O and two dinucleating ligands, HBPMP and HPhBIMP, mediates the desulfurization of aliphatic and aromatic thiols at room temperature This rare C-S bond cleavage reaction produces two nonheme diiron(II) complexes, [Fe₂(BPMP)(SH)₂(MeOH)₂]¹⁺ (1a) and [Fe₂(PhBIMP)(μ-SH)(DMF)]²⁺ (2a), possibly via an active species similar to [Fe₂(PhBIMP)(H₂O)₂(DMF)₂]³⁺ (2c), while the thiols are converted to the corresponding alcs./phenols. In the case of thioacetic acid, a bidentate chelating organosulfur substrate, the use of HBPMP produces the corresponding bis-thiocarboxylato bridged complex, [Fe₂(BPMP)(CH₃COS)₂]¹⁺ (1b), instead of 1a. However, the use of HPhBIMP allows the Fe(II) mediated desulfurization of thioacetic acid as well to yield 2a, along with the formation of [Fe₂(PhBIMP)(CH₃COS)(MeCN)]²⁺ (2b). This convenient desulfurization reaction has been demonstrated for different substrates in different solvents along with the structural and spectroscopic characterizations of the diiron(II)-hydrosulfide complexes in comparison with two isostructural chloride complexes, [Fe₂(BPMP)(Cl)₂(MeOH)₂]¹⁺ (1c) and [Fe₂(PhBIMP)(μ-Cl)(DMF)]²⁺ (2d). The role of the individual reactants in the desulfurization process has been thoroughly investigated using control reactions, and on the basis of these results and the identification of intermediate species, such as [Fe₂(PhBIMP)(S^tBu)(DMF)₃]²⁺ and [Fe₂(PhBIMP)(S^tBu)(H₂O)(DMF)₂]²⁺, in solution by mass spectrometry, a possible mechanism has been proposed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effect of Argan oil, thyme, and rosemary on drying process of Sardina Pilchardus fillets was written by Zini, Soukaina;Mouhanni, Hind;Besombes, Colette. And the article was included in Journal of Food Processing and Preservation in 2022.SDS of cas: 499-75-2 This article mentions the following:

This work aims to study the drying kinetics of sardine fillets marinated with Argan oil, thyme, and rosemary at 70°C via the hybrid solar dryer. The static gravimetric method has been used to determine the sorption isotherms at 50, 60, and 70°C. Histamine content, TVBN, fatty acids, carbohydrates, and pH levels were analyzed as well. Finally, a statistical anal. of the results was accomplished using PCA. The sardine drying kinetics was accelerated with increasing air temperature in a synchronous manner. The optimal water activity for the conservation of sardines is aw = 0.32. The results obtained have led to an increase in the shelf life of sardine fillets marinated and dried on the basis of argan oil and thyme, unlike the product with argan oil, rosemary, and without marinade that will be destroyed in a few weeks. The findings results be explained by the antioxidant activity of thyme. Novelty impact statement : The drying kinetics of sardine fillets was determined exptl., as well as the characteristic drying curve. Determination of the optimum water activity for the conservation of sardines is aw = 0.32. The combination of marine products with argan oil and thyme provides the longest preservation period while also adding a new quality and taste dimension to sardine conservation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2SDS of cas: 499-75-2).

5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.SDS of cas: 499-75-2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Pyrrolidine-constrained phenethylamines: The design of potent, selective, and pharmacologically efficacious dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitors from a lead-like screening hit was written by Backes, Bradley J.;Longenecker, Kenton;Hamilton, Gregory L.;Stewart, Kent;Lai, Chunqiu;Kopecka, Hana;von Geldern, Thomas W.;Madar, David J.;Pei, Zhonghua;Lubben, Thomas H.;Zinker, Bradley A.;Tian, Zhenping;Ballaron, Stephen J.;Stashko, Michael A.;Mika, Amanda K.;Beno, David W. A.;Kempf-Grote, Anita J.;Black-Schaefer, Candace;Sham, Hing L.;Trevillyan, James M.. And the article was included in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters in 2007.COA of Formula: C7H9NO This article mentions the following:

A series of pyrrolidine-constrained phenethylamines were developed as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The cyclohexene ring of lead-like screening hit was replaced with a pyrrolidine to enable parallel chem., and protein co-crystal structural data guided the optimization of N-substituents. Employing this strategy, a >400× improvement in potency over the initial hit was realized in rapid fashion. Optimized compounds are potent and selective inhibitors with excellent pharmacokinetic profiles. Compound I was efficacious in vivo, lowering blood glucose in ZDF rats that were allowed to feed freely on a mixed meal. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0COA of Formula: C7H9NO).

6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.COA of Formula: C7H9NO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

An efficient reduction protocol for the synthesis of β-hydroxycarbamates from β-nitro alcohols in one pot: a facile synthesis of (-)-β-conhydrine was written by Saikia, Partha Pratim;Baishya, Gakul;Goswami, Abhishek;Barua, Nabin C.. And the article was included in Tetrahedron Letters in 2008.Safety of tert-Butyl (trans-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate This article mentions the following:

An efficient and practical 1-pot protocol for the reduction of β-nitro alcs. to their corresponding N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino alcs. using Zn-NH₄Cl in aqueous MeOH is described. Other reducible groups such as ketones and isolated double bonds remained intact. This methodol. allows a short synthesis of (-)-β-conhydrine to be achieved. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, tert-Butyl (trans-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate (cas: 121282-70-0Safety of tert-Butyl (trans-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate).

tert-Butyl (trans-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate (cas: 121282-70-0) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Safety of tert-Butyl (trans-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts