Effects of ospemifene on vaginal epithelium of post-menopausal women was written by Alvisi, Stefania;Baldassarre, Maurizio;Martelli, Valentina;Gava, Giulia;Seracchioli, Renato;Meriggiola, Maria Cristina. And the article was included in Gynecological Endocrinology in 2017.Synthetic Route of C24H23ClO2 This article mentions the following:
Ospemifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator used for the treatment of vulvo-vaginal atrophy (VVA) in post-menopausal women. No direct evidence of its effects on histol. features of the human vagina has been reported. To evaluate the effects of ospemifene on histol. parameters, glycogen content, proliferation, and estrogen receptor α expression (ERα) of vaginal epithelium in post-menopausal women. Thirty-two post-menopausal women undergoing surgical procedures were enrolled. Sixteen subjects taking ospemifene at the time of inclusion (OSP) were compared to 16 subjects not taking any hormone (CTL). Vaginal biopsies were taken from the proximal and distal vaginal wall during surgery to evaluate histol., Ki-67 and ERα expression. OSP group showed thicker vaginal epithelium (349 ± 64 vs. 245 ± 53 μm, p < .001), higher proliferation index (212 ± 47 vs. 127 ± 28 Ki-67+ cells/mm, p < .001), higher epithelial (27.3 ± 3.1 vs. 20.6 ± 2.9 score, p < .001) and stromal (26.6 ± 4.9 vs. 20.6 ± 2.6 score, p < .001) ERα expression when compared to the CTL group. In postmenopausal women affected by VVA, 1 mo intake of ospemifene is associated with an increased maturation, and ERα expression of the vaginal mucosa. These changes may partially explain the improvement of symptoms of vaginal atrophy reported with this drug. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Synthetic Route of C24H23ClO2).
(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Synthetic Route of C24H23ClO2
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