Month: December 2022

Development and characterization of a novel multifunctional film based on wheat filter flour incorporated with carvacrol: Antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal potentials was written by Mossavi, Maryam Pyro-;Kashiri, Mahboobeh;Maghsoudlou, Yahya;Khomiri, Morteza;Alami, Mehran. And the article was included in Food Science and Technology International (London, United Kingdom) in 2022.HPLC of Formula: 499-75-2 This article mentions the following:

Wheat filter flour is a byproduct derived from the modern wheat milling process. In this study, the influence of plasticizer type (glycerol (G) and sorbitol (S)) and content (25, 35, and 45 g/100 g polymer) on the wheat filter flour-based film was evaluated. Regardless of plasticizer type, increasing the plasticizer content enhanced moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeability of film samples. The S-plasticized films presented the greatest tensile strength and the lowest EAB%. The scanning electron microscope observations confirmed the uniform structure of G-plasticized film. Moreover, antimicrobial and physico-mech. properties of G-plasticized (25%) film were evaluated at the presence of carvacrol (5 and 10 g/100 g polymer). The considerable improvement was achieved in water affinity (14.2%) and flexibility (8.6%) by incorporating 10% carvacrol in G-plasticized films. The greatest inhibitory properties of active wheat filter flour films were observed against Aspergillus niger. By increasing the carvacrol concentration in film-forming solution, the inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli in the liquid food model system was increased by 90.3% and 66.95%, resp. Moreover, the active wheat filter flour-based film released a considerable insecticidal activity against Sitophilus granarius and Tribolium confusum. This work offers a novel utilization of wheat filter flour as an inexpensive blend polymer to manufacture multifunctional active film, which provides a promising approach for pest management besides enhancing the safety of products. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2HPLC of Formula: 499-75-2).

5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.HPLC of Formula: 499-75-2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Optimizing the fatty acid profile of novel terrestrial oil blends in low fishmeal diets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) yields comparable fish growth, total fillet n-3 LC-PUFA content, and health performance relative to fish oil was written by Hossain, Sakhawat Md.;Peng, Mo;Small, Brian C.. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2021.Recommanded Product: 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

Identifying and effectively utilizing suitable, novel, terrestrial oil sources either alone or as blends to replace fish oil (FO) is a prerequisite for improving the sustainability of global aquaculture. Therefore, the present study evaluates several novel terrestrial oil blends (TOBs), optimized for their fatty acid profile, as alternatives to FO in low fishmeal diets fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and describes the subsequent effects on fish growth, fatty acid composition and health. Insect oil (IO), genetically modified canola oil (CO), palm oil (PO) and linseed oil (LO) were used for the formulation of three TOBs viz., TOB-1 (30%IO+36%CO + 34%LO), TOB-2 (40%PO + 20%CO + 40%LO) and TOB-3 (50%TOB-1 + 50%TOB-2). Formulas TOB-1 and TOB-2 considered the total fatty acid profile based upon the general FO fatty acid profile, published fatty acid research for rainbow trout, and the fatty acid requirements of rainbow trout. A low fishmeal based basal diet containing 44% crude protein was formulated, and FO, TOB-1, TOB-2 and TOB-3 were incorporated in the basal diet to prepare the exptl. diet groups, Control, TOB-1, TOB-2 and TOB-3, resp. All exptl. diets were fed to triplicate groups of rainbow trout juveniles (initial weight 7.9 ± 0.02 g) for 9 wk. Growth performance (final weight, percent weight gain and specific growth rate) in TOBs fed groups were equal to the FO-based control group. Fish fed the TOB-3 diet consumed more feed followed by the control and TOB-1 diet groups. Significantly lower feed intake was observed in the TOB-2 diet group. Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly influenced by dietary oil sources. Fish fed the control diet showed significantly higher hepatic lipid content compared to TOB groups, followed by TOB-2, TOB-3, and TOB-1, which was significantly lower in hepatic lipid content. Muscle lipid content and whole-body major nutrient compositions were not significantly influenced by the dietary oil sources. Fatty acid composition of muscle and liver reflected that of the diets. Maximum values for n3 LC-PUFAs (EPA and DHA), lauric acid (C12:0) and C18:3n-3 were observed in the FO, TOB-1 and TOB-2 groups, resp. Except for C12:0, muscle saturated fatty acid contents were significantly lower in TOBs-based diet compared to the FO-based control diet fish. As expected, muscle C12:0 content was significantly higher in the TOB-1 group followed by the TOB-3 group. TOB-2 and control groups had significantly lower content of C12:0. The fillet total n-3 LC-PUFA was significantly higher in fish fed the control diet group followed by TOB-3 and TOB-2 groups, TOB-1 showed significantly lower content of total n-3 LC- PUFA. Hepatic delta-5 desaturase (Δ5fad), delta-6 desaturase (Δ 6fad) and fatty acid elongase-2 (Elovl-2) gene expressions were significantly influenced by dietary oil sources, where TOB-based groups showed higher Δ6fad and Elovl-2 expressions. Measured innate immunity and antioxidant markers were not affected by TOBs. Finally, we concluded that TOBs could serve as a substitute for FO in rainbow trout feed without neg. impacting performance. Moreover, fillet total n-3 LC-PUFA of TOB-fed fish satisfies the suggested daily serving for humans. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Recommanded Product: 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Recommanded Product: 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Alkenyl, Cyclopropyl, and Aryl Ketones. RuCl₂(xylbinap)(1,2-diamine) as a Precatalyst Exhibiting a Wide Scope was written by Ohkuma, Takeshi;Koizumi, Masatoshi;Doucet, Henri;Pham, Trang;Kozawa, Masami;Murata, Kunihiko;Katayama, Eiji;Yokozawa, Tohru;Ikariya, Takao;Noyori, Ryoji. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 1998.Recommanded Product: 171032-87-4 This article mentions the following:

Binaphthylbisphosphinodiamineruthenium complexes I [R = 3,5-Me₂C₆H₃; R¹ = 4-MeOC₆H₄, Ph; R² = H, 4-MeOC₆H₄; R³ = Me₂CH, Ph or R¹R³ = (CH₂)₄] are prepared in either the all-S or all-R configuration as enantioselective and regioselective catalysts for the reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones, cyclopropyl ketones, and arylalkyl ketones to secondary alcs. α,β-Unsaturated ketones were reduced with H₂ in Me₂CHOH in the presence of I and either K₂CO₃ or KOCMe₃ in 98-100% yield and 86-100% ee and without reduction of the conjugated double bond. Arylalkyl ketones were reduced under similar conditions in 97-100% yield and in 94-100% ee. E.g., 4-MeOC₆H₄COMe was reduced with the catalyst (S,S)-I in Me₂CHOH and in the presence of KOCMe₃ (R = 3,5-Me₂C₆H₃; R¹ = R² = 4-MeOC₆H₄; R³ = CHMe₂) to (R)-4-MeOC₆H₄CH(OH)Me in 100% yield and 100% ee. The addition of chiral diamines to Ru-BINAP catalysts gives catalysts with higher stereoselectivity and wide scope in asym. ketone reductions In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4Recommanded Product: 171032-87-4).

(S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Recommanded Product: 171032-87-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Gene expression in the chicken caecum in response to infections with non-typhoid Salmonella was written by Rychlik, Ivan;Elsheimer-Matulova, Marta;Kyrova, Kamila. And the article was included in Veterinary Research in 2014.SDS of cas: 109-17-1 This article mentions the following:

Chickens can be infected with Salmonella enterica at any time during their life. However, infections within the first hours and days of their life are epidemiol. the most important, as newly hatched chickens are highly sensitive to Salmonella infection. Salmonella is initially recognized in the chicken caecum by TLR receptors and this recognition is followed by induction of chemokines, cytokines and many effector genes. This results in infiltration of heterophils, macrophages, B- and T-lymphocytes and changes in total gene expression in the caecal lamina propria. The highest induction in expression is observed for matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7). Expression of this gene is increased in the chicken caecum over 4000 fold during the first 10 days after the infection of newly hatched chickens. Addnl. highly inducible genes in the caecum following S. Enteritidis infection include immune responsive gene 1 (IRG1), serum amyloid A (SAA), extracellular fatty acid binding protein (ExFABP), serine protease inhibitor (SERPINB10), trappin 6-like (TRAP6), calprotectin (MRP126), mitochondrial ES1 protein homolog (ES1), interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5), avidin (AVD) and transglutaminase 4 (TGM4). The induction of expression of these proteins exceeds a factor of 50. Similar induction rates are also observed for chemokines and cytokines such as IL1β, IL6, IL8, IL17, IL18, IL22, IFNγ, AH221 or iNOS. Once the infection is under control, which happens approx. 2 wk after infection, expression of IgY and IgA increases to facilitate Salmonella elimination from the gut lumen. This review outlines the function of individual proteins expressed in chickens after infection with non-typhoid Salmonella serovars. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1SDS of cas: 109-17-1).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.SDS of cas: 109-17-1

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Iridium and rhodium complexes bearing a silyl-bipyridine pincer ligand: synthesis, structures and catalytic activity for C-H borylation of arenes was written by Komuro, Takashi;Mochizuki, Daiki;Hashimoto, Hisako;Tobita, Hiromi. And the article was included in Dalton Transactions in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane This article mentions the following:

Unsaturated 16-electron iridium and rhodium complexes bearing a silyl-bipyridine-based SiNN-pincer ligand (Bpy^SiNN) were synthesized and characterized by x-ray crystallog. and NMR spectroscopy. The iridium-Bpy^SiNN complex facilitated the catalytic C(sp²)-H borylation of arenes to give arylboronate esters in high yields (≥93%) under mild conditions (∼40°). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4Application In Synthesis of 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane).

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Application In Synthesis of 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

N-Alkyl Carbamoylimidazoles as Isocyanate Equivalents: Exploration of the Reaction Scope for the Synthesis of Ureas, Hydantoins, Carbamates, Thiocarbamates, and Oxazolidinones was written by Bansagi, Jazmin;Wilson-Konderka, Cody;Debrauwer, Vincent;Narayanan, Pournima;Batey, Robert A.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2022.COA of Formula: C10H20O This article mentions the following:

The reaction of the HCl or trifluoroacetic acid salts of primary amines R¹NH₃⁺Cl^– (R¹ = Me, Et, propargyl, 2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl, etc.) with carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) is shown to be a preparatively useful method for forming monosubstituted carbamoylimidazoles I (28 examples) without the formation of sym. urea side products. The utility of these air- and water-stable crystalline carbamoylimidazole reagents was demonstrated by their reactions as blocked or masked isocyanate equivalent Reaction with various classes of nucleophiles provides access to useful functional groups including ureas R¹NHC(O)N(R²)R³ (R² = 2-methylpropyl, (4-chlorophenyl)methyl, 2-phenylethyl; R³ = H, methoxycarbonyl), carbamates R¹NHC(O)OR³ (R³ = (2Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl, (2S,5S)-5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl, (2-aminophenyl)methyl), thiocarbamates R¹NHC(O)SR⁴ (R⁴ = n-octyl, phenyl), hydantoins II (R⁵ = benzyl; R⁶ = H; R⁵R⁶ = -(CH₂)₄) and oxazolidinones III (R⁷ = prop-1-en-1-yl, phenyl). A parallel synthesis library of 30 ureas was generated by the reaction of 6x carbamoylimidazole intermediates with 5x amines and triethylamine. The unsym. urea-containing natural products macaurea A and pygmaniline A were also prepared in good yields (95% over four steps and 79% over three steps, resp.) using this approach. The reaction of carbamoylimidazoles I with amino acid Me esters followed by microwave irradiation in aqueous media gives hydantoins II in high yields, further demonstrating the ability of carbamoylimidazoles I as isocyanate surrogates. Three hydantoin-containing natural products including macahydantoin D and meyeniihydantoin A were prepared in nearly quant. yields from proline Me ester and carbamoylimidazoles I. The reaction of carbamoylimidazoles I with alcs. R³OH and thiols R⁴SH under basic conditions affords carbamates and thiocarbamates, resp., in good yields. Lastly, a method for the preparation of chiral oxazolidinone heterocycles III from chiral epoxy alcs. IV is demonstrated using a double displacement approach. The reactions occur with high regio- and stereoselectivity (dr ≥ 15:1 by ¹H NMR) via a domino attack of the corresponding alkoxides with carbamoylimidazoles followed by an intramol. attack of the in situ generated urea anion at the proximal position of the epoxide group. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5COA of Formula: C10H20O).

(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.COA of Formula: C10H20O

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Conversion of S-2-amino-1-butanol-L-tartrate to S-2-amino-1-butanol by Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for Post-treatment of Direct Enantioseparation was written by Lv, Yayue;Tang, Cong;Liao, Junbin;Wu, Sifan;Yao, Lu;Ruan, Huimin;Sotto, Arcadio;Shen, Jiangnan. And the article was included in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 5856-63-3 This article mentions the following:

In this work, a green route for the preparation of S-2-amino-1-butanol in process of post-treatment for direct enantioseparation for antituberculosis drug ethambutol hydrochloride has been explored. Therein, OH^– produced from bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) technol. was used to in situ converse diastereomeric salt S-2-amino-1-butanol-L-tartrate to S-2-amino-1-butanol, rather than directly adding the chem. reagent of NaOH or Na₂CO₃ in a traditional way. To realize the process, lab-scale BMEDs with two membrane stack configurations were fabricated, followed by investigating the effect of ion exchange membrane types, initial feed concentrations and voltages etc. As a result, under an optimized condition, the concentration of as-obtained S-2-amino-1-butanol (the final purity of the product: ca. 98.2%) can achieve to 1.04 mol·L^-1, and the conversion rate is 92.28%. The cost is estimated at approx. $ 2.22 kg^-1. Accordingly, the current efficiency and energy consumption are 54.05% and 1.88 kWh·kg^-1, resp. The investigation has verify the feasibility of BMED for the conversion of S-2-amino-1-butanol-L-tartrate to S-2-aminobutanol and also demonstrates the potential application in the field of chiral compound separation In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (R)-2-Aminobutan-1-ol (cas: 5856-63-3HPLC of Formula: 5856-63-3).

(R)-2-Aminobutan-1-ol (cas: 5856-63-3) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.HPLC of Formula: 5856-63-3

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Pendant Alkoxy Groups on N-Aryl Substitutions Drive the Efficiency of Imidazolylidene Catalysts for Homoenolate Annulation from Enal and Aldehyde was written by Kyan, Ryuji;Sato, Kohei;Mase, Nobuyuki;Narumi, Tetsuo. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2020.Reference of 80866-76-8 This article mentions the following:

Hydrogen-transfer in the tetrahedral intermediate generated from an imidazolylidene catalyst and α,β-unsaturated aldehyde forms a conjugated Breslow intermediate. This is a critical step affecting the efficiency of the NHC-catalyzed γ-butyrolactone formation via homoenolate addition to aryl aldehydes. A novel type of imidazolylidene catalyst with pendant alkoxy groups on the ortho-N-aryl groups is described. Catalyst of this sort facilitates the formation of the conjugated Breslow intermediate. Studies of the rate constants for homoenolate annulation affording γ-butyrolactones, reveal that introduction of the oxygen atoms in the appropriate position of the N-aryl substituents can increase the efficiency of imidazolylidene catalysts. Structural and mechanistic studies revealed that pendant alkoxy groups can be located close to the proton of the tetrahedral intermediate, thereby facilitating the proton transfer. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (3-Methyl-2-nitrophenyl)methanol (cas: 80866-76-8Reference of 80866-76-8).

(3-Methyl-2-nitrophenyl)methanol (cas: 80866-76-8) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Reference of 80866-76-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Enzymatic reduction of acetophenone derivatives with a benzil reductase from Pichia glucozyma (KRED1-Pglu): electronic and steric effects on activity and enantioselectivity was written by Contente, Martina L.;Serra, Immacolata;Palazzolo, Luca;Parravicini, Chiara;Gianazza, Elisabetta;Eberini, Ivano;Pinto, Andrea;Guidi, Benedetta;Molinari, Francesco;Romano, Diego. And the article was included in Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry in 2016.HPLC of Formula: 171032-87-4 This article mentions the following:

A recombinant ketoreductase from Pichia glucozyma (KRED1-Pglu) was used for the enantioselective reduction of various mono-substituted acetophenones. Reaction rates of meta- and para-derivatives were consistent with the electronic effects described by σ-Hammett coefficients; on the other hand, enantioselectivity was determined by an opposite orientation of the substrate in the binding pocket. Reduction of ortho-derivatives occurred only with substrates bearing substituents with low steric impact (i.e., F and CN). Reactivity was controlled by stereoelectronic features (C=O length and charge, shape of LUMO frontier MOs), which can be theor. calculated In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4HPLC of Formula: 171032-87-4).

(S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.HPLC of Formula: 171032-87-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Selective Synthesis of Bisdimethylamine Derivatives from Diols and an Aqueous Solution of Dimethylamine through Iridium-Catalyzed Borrowing Hydrogen Pathway was written by Jeong, Jaeyoung;Fujita, Ken-ichi. And the article was included in ChemCatChem in 2022.COA of Formula: C4H10O3 This article mentions the following:

A new system was developed for the selective synthesis of bisdimethylamine derivatives using a diol and dimethylamine as starting materials and an iridium complex bearing an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand as catalyst. The starting materials were easily available, less toxic, inexpensive and easy to handle. The reaction proceeded efficiently through a borrowing hydrogen pathway under aqueous conditions, without any addnl. organic solvent, to afford various bisdimethylamine derivatives in good to excellent yields. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6COA of Formula: C4H10O3).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.COA of Formula: C4H10O3

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts