Month: December 2022

Pharmaceutical excipients with potential to cause adverse effects in paediatric nasal medicines was written by Stjepanovic, Ana N.;Todorovic, Nemanja B.;Tesic, Tamara Z.;Komazec, Zoran S.;Canji-Panic, Jelena M.;Lalic-Popovic, Mladena N.. And the article was included in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology in 2022.Synthetic Route of C3H8O2 This article mentions the following:

Some pharmaceutical excipients may cause adverse reactions, excipient-related interactions and/or contraindications. Due to the unique characteristics of the paediatric population, adverse effects may occur to substances generally thought safe. The proportion of topical nasal medicines approved for paediatric use and the prevalence and labeling of excipients with known effect (EKE) in these products were compared in Serbia as a non-EU country and Croatia and Slovenia as EU countries. The study was designed as a post-authorization safety study and safety of excipients was considered in accordance with recommendations of the European Medicines Agency (EMA). More than 90% of topical nasal medicines registered in the three countries were approved for paediatric use and more than half of these paediatric medicines contained EKE that may cause adverse effects. Benzalkonium chloride was found in 52.38%, 55.81% and 59.09% of these products in Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, resp. Propylene glycol, benzyl alc., ethanol, Me paraben, Pr paraben and boric acid were also present in a few analyzed preparations A significant number of EKE labeling deficiencies were detected in all three countries, hindering healthcare professionals ′ access to information needed for adequate patient counselling. A revision of the nasal paediatric medicines ′ PLs and SmPCs is recommended. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6Synthetic Route of C3H8O2).

1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Synthetic Route of C3H8O2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Asymmetric hydrogenation of imines with chiral alkene-derived boron Lewis acids was written by Liu, Xiaoqin;Liu, Ting;Meng, Wei;Du, Haifeng. And the article was included in Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry in 2018.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

With the aim of developing easily accessible chiral Lewis acids for asym. hydrogenation, a variety of binaphthyl-based chiral alkenes were prepared in one step from the corresponding diols. Using the in situ generated chiral boron Lewis acids through the hydroboration of chiral alkenes with Piers’ borane, metal-free asym. hydrogenations of imines were realized to furnish the desired amine products in high yields with up to 89% ee. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-[2,3′:1′,1”:3”,2”’-Quaternaphthalene]-2′,2”-diol (cas: 863659-89-6Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

(S)-[2,3′:1′,1”:3”,2”’-Quaternaphthalene]-2′,2”-diol (cas: 863659-89-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dissociation constants of some pyridyl alkanols was written by Tissier, Madeleine;Tissier, Claude. And the article was included in Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France in 1967.Electric Literature of C7H9NO This article mentions the following:

The pKA values of the 3- and 4-substituted compounds agree with the electronic displacements due to the presence of the substituents. TABLE OMITTED] Ir studies indicate that in polar media there are no intramol. H bonds for the 2-substituted derivatives The differences in pKA for the 2-pyridyl and 4-pyridyl alkanols is explained by the influence of the water mols. on the 2 neighboring functional groups. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0Electric Literature of C7H9NO).

6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Electric Literature of C7H9NO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Gas-chromatographic analysis of a mixture of isomeric terpineols was written by Bakhtinov, A. A.;Keller, G. G.;Radionova, I. E.. And the article was included in Maslozhirovaya Promyshlennost in 1974.HPLC of Formula: 2451-01-6 This article mentions the following:

Crude terpineol (from α-pinene) and perfumery terpineol are shown by gas chromatog. to contain α-37 and 62, γ-14 and 23, cis-β- 12.5 and 6.5, and trans-β-isomer 2 and 3%, resp. The contents of other identified terpenes also are given. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6HPLC of Formula: 2451-01-6).

rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.HPLC of Formula: 2451-01-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Study on an energy-saving process for separation ethylene elycol mixture through heat-pump, heat-integration and ORC driven by waste-heat was written by Wang, Lili;Zhao, Jun;Teng, Junfeng;Dong, Shilong;Wang, Yinglong;Xiang, Shuguang;Sun, Xiaoyan. And the article was included in Energy (Oxford, United Kingdom) in 2022.COA of Formula: C4H10O3 This article mentions the following:

Energy-saving separation processes of Ethylene Glycol (EG) driven by waste heat were investigated. These are basic separation process (BSP) and separation process (SEP) with waste heat recovery (WHRSP). Electricity and heat from waste heat recovery (WHR) were generated for supplying separation system. The optimal operating parameters of each process were determined by the min. total annual cost (TAC). The optimal process was studied by through multi-objective anal.-based exergy, environment and economy performance. The result of exergy anal. indicated that exergy loss of SEP was 1811.40 kW, which 26.38% lower than that of BSP. The environment anal. showed that compared with the benchmarked BSP process, the emissions and emission costs of WHRSP are significantly reduced by about 32.69%. The results of economic anal. showed that TAC of BSP and WHRSP are 2.05×10⁶ $/y, 1.41×10⁶ $/y. TAC of the WHRSP process was 31.54% lower than that of the benchmarked BSP. The WHRSP shows the high energy efficiency, low economy cost and low exergy loss with a great industrial application prospect when compared to the benchmarked process. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6COA of Formula: C4H10O3).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.COA of Formula: C4H10O3

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Black phosphorus incorporated cobalt oxide: Biomimetic channels for electrocatalytic water oxidation was written by Gao, Xueqing;Liu, Xiaomeng;Yang, Shujiao;Zhang, Wei;Lin, Haiping;Cao, Rui. And the article was included in Chinese Journal of Catalysis in 2022.Recommanded Product: 111-46-6 This article mentions the following:

Learning from nature photosynthesis, the development of efficient artificial catalysts for water oxidation is an ongoing challenge. Herein, a lamellar cobalt oxide (CoO), black phosphorus (BP) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) hybrid electrocatalyst is reported. BP domains are anchored on RGO and coated with CoO via P-O bonds. The widespread P-O bond network constitutes the proton acceptor and forms a proton exit channel, akin to the use of Asp61 in Photosystem II (PSII). The innermost kernel layer RGO serves as the current collector and forms an electron exit channel, mimicking the function of Tyr161 for charge transfer. The outermost encapsulation CoO layer acts as water oxidation catalyst (WOC). These biol.-inspired features endow an outstanding OER performance of the hybrid material with a low overpotential of 206 mV at a c.d. of 10 mA cm^-2. This work provides a new design guide for OER electrocatalysts through constructing two specialized channels for proton and electron transfer. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Recommanded Product: 111-46-6).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Recommanded Product: 111-46-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Chemoselective Rhodium-Catalyzed Borylation of Bromoiodoarenes Under Mild Conditions was written by Varni, Anthony J.;Bautista, Michael V.;Noonan, Kevin J. T.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2020.Application of 68716-49-4 This article mentions the following:

A chemoselective rhodium-catalyzed borylation has been developed for the preparation of aryl boronate esters. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions with excellent selectivity for C-I bonds in bromoiodoarenes and exhibits broad functional group tolerance. This procedure can act as a complementary approach toward bifunctional arenes along with other metal-catalyzed borylations. Addnl., the reaction’s utility in the preparation of monomers for metal-catalyzed cross-coupling polymerization is demonstrated. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4Application of 68716-49-4).

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Application of 68716-49-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effects of ospemifene on drug metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes in humans in vitro and in vivo was written by Turpeinen, Miia;Uusitalo, Jouko;Lehtinen, Terhi;Kailajarvi, Marita;Pelkonen, Olavi;Vuorinen, Jouni;Tapanainen, Pasi;Stjernschantz, Camilla;Lammintausta, Risto;Scheinin, Mika. And the article was included in International Journal of Molecular Sciences in 2013.Application of 128607-22-7 This article mentions the following:

The objective of these investigations was to determine the possible effects of the novel selective estrogen receptor modulator, ospemifene, on cytochrome P 450 (CYP)-mediated drug metabolism Ospemifene underwent testing for possible effects on CYP enzyme activity in human liver microsomes and in isolated human hepatocytes. Based on the results obtained in vitro, three Phase 1 crossover pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in healthy postmenopausal women to assess the in vivo effects of ospemifene on CYP-mediated drug metabolism Ospemifene and its main metabolites 4-hydroxyospemifene and 4′-hydroxyospemifene weakly inhibited a number of CYPs (CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2C8 and CYP2D6) in vitro. However, only CYP2C9 activity was inhibited by 4-hydroxyospemifene at clin. relevant concentrations Induction of CYPs by ospemifene in cultured human hepatocytes was 2.4-fold or less. The in vivo studies showed that ospemifene did not have significant effects on the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves of the tested CYP substrates warfarin (CYP2C9), bupropion (CYP2B6) and omeprazole (CYP2C19), demonstrating that pretreatment with ospemifene did not alter their metabolism Therefore, the risk that ospemifene will affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are substrates for CYP enzymes is low. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Application of 128607-22-7).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Application of 128607-22-7

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Cineole. XI. Action of aqueous sulfuric acid solution on cineole was written by Matsuura, Tamon;Furukawa, Tohru. And the article was included in Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series A: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry in 1955.Quality Control of rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate This article mentions the following:

1,8-Cineole (I) was heated with 21% H₂SO₄ solution at 70° under agitation, the reaction time being 33, 15, and 3 h. In the case of the reaction time of 33 h., the reaction product was a mixture of p-cymene (II) (large amount) and α-terpinene (III) (small amount). In the case of 15 h., the constituents in the reaction product were: II, 28%; III, 8%; dl-α-terpineol (IV), 5%; and terpin hydrate (V), trace (59% of I remained unreacted in the oily product). In the case of 3 h. the oily product contained: I 93%; IV, 6%; unsaturated hydrocarbon, 1%; V, trace. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6Quality Control of rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate).

rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate (cas: 2451-01-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Quality Control of rel-(1s,4s)-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexanol hydrate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis of hydroxymethylpyridines from pyridinealdehydes was written by Leitis, L.;Shimanskaya, M. V.. And the article was included in Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii (Sankt-Peterburg, Russian Federation) in 1980.Electric Literature of C7H9NO This article mentions the following:

2-, 3- And 4-hydroxymethylpyridines, 6-methyl-2-hydroxymethyl and 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine were prepared in 41.0-90.5% yield by reduction of the corresponding aldehydes with NaBH₄. The reactivity of the aldehydes decreased in the following order: 2,6-pyridinedicarboxaldehyde > 6-methyl-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde > 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde > 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde > 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0Electric Literature of C7H9NO).

6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Electric Literature of C7H9NO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts