BPA and its analogs increase oxidative stress levels in in vitro cultured granulosa cells by altering anti-oxidant enzymes expression was written by Sabry, R.;Nguyen, M.;Younes, S.;Favetta, L. A.. And the article was included in Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology in 2022.Formula: C13H12O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:
Bisphenol A is a widespread endocrine disruptor with numerous effects on reproductive functions. Limitations on BPA in manufacturing has prompted the use of analogs, such as BPS and BPF, with limited research on their safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of BPA and its analogs on oxidative stress levels within bovine granulosa cells and to measure the expression of key antioxidant genes. Results indicate that BPA and BPF reduce cell viability and induce mitochondrial dysfunction and all three bisphenols increased production of reactive oxygen species as early as 12h post exposure. BPA increased the levels of antioxidants at 12h at the mRNA and protein levels, while these results were not significant at 48h. These results together suggest that BPA and its analogs can induce oxidative stress within bovine granulosa cells, although not necessarily through common mechanisms. Therefore, the use of BPA analogs may have to be re-considered. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8Formula: C13H12O2).
4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Formula: C13H12O2
Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts