Preconditioning with procyanidin B2 protects MAC-T cells against heat exposure-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation was written by Wang, Hongzhuang;Hao, Weiguang;Yang, Liang;Yan, Peishi;Wei, Shengjuan. And the article was included in Molecular Immunology in 2022.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks The following contents are mentioned in the article:
Heat stress (HS) induced by high environmental temperature is a main factor causing mastitis and reduced milk production in dairy cows. Procyanidin B2 (PB2) is a phenolic compound with strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. By using the MAC-T (mammary alveolar cells-large T antigen) cells as the in vitro cell model, this study determines PB2 effects on HS-induced MAC-T mitochondrial dysfunction, cell apoptosis, and inflammation. Cells were divided into three groups: Con (37°C), HS (42°C), and PB2 +HS. HS-exposure, MAC-T cells exhibited an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+, a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) and ATP content. Besides, HS markedly induced cell apoptosis, as evidenced by flow cytometry and significantly increased mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related genes, including cytochrome C (Cyto-c) and cleaved caspase-3, etc. HS also led to mitochondrial fission and fusion dynamic disorder. Meanwhile, HS induced a significant inflammatory response by activating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κβ) signaling pathway and the NOD-like receptor with pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Notably, preconditioning of PB2 alleviated the accumulation of ROS and Ca2+ concentration induced by HS, increased Δψ and ATP content, and maintained the dynamic balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion, thus improving mitochondrial function. PB2 also blocked the HS-induced mitochondrial caspase apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, PB2 preconditioning inhibited HS-induced activation of the TLR4/NF-κβ signaling pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome, as well as IL-1β release, reversing HS-induced inflammation. PB2 has an important protective effect against the mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory response, and apoptosis of MAC-T cells induced by HS. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).
(2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks
Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts